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+# 考试和作业模块审计报告
+
+> 审计范围：`exams`（考试/试卷/AI 出题）、`homework`（作业/指派/作答/批改）、`proctoring`（监考/防作弊）三个相互耦合的模块，以及它们在 `app/(dashboard)` 下的对应路由页面。
+
+---
+
+## 一、现有实现概要
+
+### 1.1 文件分布
+
+| 层 | 模块 | 关键文件 | 行数 |
+|----|------|----------|------|
+| app 路由 | teacher/exams | `page.tsx` / `all/page.tsx` / `create/page.tsx` / `[id]/build/page.tsx` / `[id]/proctoring/page.tsx` / `grading/page.tsx`（重定向） / `grading/[submissionId]/page.tsx`（重定向） | - |
+| app 路由 | teacher/homework | `assignments/page.tsx` / `assignments/create/page.tsx` / `assignments/[id]/page.tsx` / `assignments/[id]/submissions/page.tsx` | - |
+| app 路由 | student/learning/assignments | `page.tsx` / `[assignmentId]/page.tsx` + `loading.tsx` | - |
+| modules | exams | `actions.ts`(691) / `ai-pipeline.ts`(857) / `data-access.ts`(473) / `types.ts`(31) / `hooks/use-exam-preview.ts`(295) / `utils/normalize-structure.ts`(57) / `components/*`(18 文件) | - |
+| modules | homework | `actions.ts`(239) / `data-access.ts`(598) / `data-access-write.ts`(285) / `data-access-classes.ts`(232) / `stats-service.ts`(425) / `schema.ts`(29) / `types.ts`(186) / `components/*`(11 文件) | - |
+| modules | proctoring | `actions.ts`(139) / `data-access.ts`(409) / `types.ts`(136) / `components/*`(3 文件) | - |
+
+### 1.2 主要数据流
+
+1. **考试创建**：`teacher/exams/create` → `createExamAction` / `createAiExamAction` → `persistExamDraft` / `persistAiGeneratedExamDraft` → `db.insert(exams)`。
+2. **组卷**：`teacher/exams/[id]/build` → `getExamById` + `getQuestions` → `ExamAssembly` → `updateExamAction`。
+3. **作业下发**：`teacher/homework/assignments/create` → `createHomeworkAssignmentAction` → `getExamWithQuestionsForHomework`（跨模块调用 exams data-access）→ `createHomeworkAssignment`（事务写入 assignments + questions + targets）。
+4. **学生作答**：`student/learning/assignments/[assignmentId]` → `getStudentHomeworkTakeData` → `HomeworkTakeView` → `startHomeworkSubmissionAction` / `saveHomeworkAnswerAction` / `submitHomeworkAction`。
+5. **教师批改**：`teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions` → `getHomeworkSubmissions` → 跳转 `[submissionId]` → `getHomeworkSubmissionDetails` → `HomeworkGradingView` → `gradeHomeworkSubmissionAction`。
+6. **监考**：`teacher/exams/[id]/proctoring` → `getProctoringDashboardAction` → `getExamForProctoring` + `getExamProctoringSummary` + `getStudentProctoringStatuses` + `getRecentProctoringEvents`。
+
+### 1.3 架构图覆盖情况
+
+`docs/architecture/004_architecture_impact_map.md` 已记录 exams（§2.2）、homework（§2.3）、proctoring（§2.21）三个模块的导出函数、依赖关系、已知问题和文件清单。架构图信息基本完整，但以下细节未记录：
+
+- `homework/components/homework-assignment-exam-error-explorer.tsx` 等错误分析组件未在文件清单中列出。
+- `exams/components/assembly/*` 子目录的 4 个组件未单独记录行数。
+- proctoring 的 `exam-mode-config.tsx` 死代码状态已在已知问题中标注，但未记录其与 `ExamForm` 的集成缺失原因。
+
+---
+
+## 二、现存问题与原因分析
+
+### 2.1 国际化缺失（严重）
+
+**问题**：该模块几乎所有用户可见文本均为硬编码，且中英文混杂。
+
+**出现位置**：
+- `src/modules/exams/components/exam-form.tsx`：硬编码英文 `"Exam draft created"`、`"Redirecting to exam builder..."`、`"Missing subject or grade configuration"`。
+- `src/modules/exams/components/exam-columns.tsx`：硬编码 `"Exam Info"`、`"Status"`、`"Stats"`、`"Difficulty"`、`"Easy"`、`"Medium"`、`"Hard"`。
+- `src/modules/exams/components/exam-actions.tsx`：硬编码 `"Preview Exam"`、`"Copy ID"`、`"Edit"`、`"Build"`、`"Publish"`、`"Archive"`、`"Delete"`、`"Are you absolutely sure?"`。
+- `src/modules/homework/components/homework-take-view.tsx`：硬编码 `"Questions"`、`"Start Assignment"`、`"Submit Assignment"`、`"Save Answer"`、`"Due Date"`、`"Attempts"`、`"Description"`、`"Progress"`、`"Confirm Submission"`。
+- `src/modules/homework/components/homework-grading-view.tsx`：硬编码 `"Grading Summary"`、`"Total Score"`、`"Correct"`、`"Incorrect"`、`"Partial"`、`"Submit Grades"`、`"Previous Student"`、`"Next Student"`。
+- `src/modules/homework/components/homework-assignment-form.tsx`：硬编码中文 `"快速作业"`、`"考试派生作业"`、`"直接输入标题和描述，无需建题"`、`"从已有考试派生作业"`。
+- `src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/page.tsx`：硬编码中文 `"作业列表"`、`"管理作业，查看提交率与批改进度。"`、`"创建作业"`、`"暂无作业"`、`"按班级筛选："`、`"清除筛选"`、`"标题"`、`"状态"`、`"截止时间"`、`"提交率"`、`"平均分"`、`"逾期"`、`"来源考试"`、`"创建时间"`。
+- `src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/page.tsx`：硬编码英文 `"Submissions"`、`"Student"`、`"Status"`、`"Submitted"`、`"Score"`、`"Action"`、`"Grade"`、`"Back"`、`"Open Assignment"`。
+- `src/app/(dashboard)/student/learning/assignments/page.tsx`：硬编码英文 `"Assignments"`、`"Your homework and practice assignments."`、`"No assignments"`、`"Pending"`、`"Completed"`、`"Overdue"`、`"Due"`、`"Attempts"`、`"Score"`、`"Start"`、`"Continue"`、`"View"`、`"Review"`。
+- `src/modules/proctoring/components/exam-mode-config.tsx`：硬编码中文 `"考试模式"`、`"模式"`、`"考试时长（分钟）"`、`"题目乱序"`、`"启用防作弊监控"`、`"允许迟开始"`、`"迟到宽限时间（分钟）"`。
+
+**问题原因**：模块在 v3 i18n 体系建立前已实现，后续未回填翻译键。
+
+**违反规则**：项目规则"所有用户可见文本必须适配 i18n（使用 next-intl），提取翻译键"。
+
+**直接后果**：
+- 切换到英文 locale 后，作业列表页仍显示中文；考试列表页仍显示英文。多角色（admin/teacher/parent/student）无法获得一致的语言体验。
+- 国际化交付阻塞，无法满足 K12 学校多语言场景。
+
+### 2.2 类型安全问题
+
+**问题**：多处使用 `as any` / `as unknown` 断言，违反 TypeScript 严格规范。
+
+**出现位置**：
+- `src/modules/exams/components/exam-form.tsx:38`：`resolver: zodResolver(formSchema) as any`（注释 `eslint-disable`）。
+- `src/modules/exams/components/exam-form.tsx:163,168`：`form.handleSubmit(onSubmit as any)`（两处 `eslint-disable`）。
+- `src/modules/exams/components/exam-actions.tsx:60`：`questionById.set(q.id, q as unknown as Question)`。
+- `src/modules/exams/components/exam-actions.tsx:63`：`const hydrate = (nodes: any[]): ExamNode[]`（`eslint-disable`）。
+- `src/modules/homework/components/homework-take-view.tsx:346-347`：`(prev[q.questionId]?.answer as string[])`。
+- `src/modules/homework/components/homework-take-view.tsx:468`：`(answersByQuestionId[q.questionId]?.answer as unknown[])`。
+- `src/modules/homework/components/homework-grading-view.tsx:199`：`(ans.questionContent.options as ChoiceOption[])`。
+- `src/modules/homework/data-access.ts:484`：`structure: assignment.structure as unknown`。
+
+**问题原因**：zodResolver 与 react-hook-form 类型不兼容时偷懒用 `as any`；题目内容为 `unknown` 时未做类型守卫直接断言。
+
+**违反规则**：项目规则"禁止 `any`"、"禁止 `as` 断言（除非从 `unknown` 转换或测试中，需注释原因）"。
+
+**直接后果**：类型系统形同虚设，运行时错误无法在编译期捕获；重构时易引入隐性 bug。
+
+### 2.3 权限校验不完整
+
+**问题**：`gradeHomeworkSubmissionAction` 未校验教师对该提交记录的访问权限。
+
+**出现位置**：`src/modules/homework/actions.ts:249-292`。
+
+**问题原因**：`gradeHomeworkSubmissionAction` 仅调用 `requirePermission(Permissions.HOMEWORK_GRADE)`，未校验当前教师是否为该作业的创建者、或该学生所在班级的任课教师。任意拥有 `HOMEWORK_GRADE` 权限的教师均可批改任意学生的任意作业。
+
+**违反规则**：项目规则"所有敏感数据查询必须在 data-access 层结合当前用户权限过滤，Server Action 二次校验"。
+
+**直接后果**：横向越权风险——教师 A 可批改教师 B 的学生作业，篡改成绩。
+
+### 2.4 错误边界与加载状态缺失
+
+**问题**：考试和作业模块的页面缺少 React Error Boundary 和 Suspense 骨架屏。
+
+**出现位置**：
+- `src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/build/page.tsx`：无 `error.tsx`、无 `loading.tsx`，`getExamById` 失败时整页 500。
+- `src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/proctoring/page.tsx`：无 `error.tsx`、无 `loading.tsx`。
+- `src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/page.tsx`：无 `error.tsx`、无 `loading.tsx`。
+- `src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/page.tsx`：无 `error.tsx`、无 `loading.tsx`。
+- `src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/create/page.tsx`：无 `loading.tsx`。
+- `src/app/(dashboard)/student/learning/assignments/[assignmentId]/page.tsx`：有 `loading.tsx` 但无 `error.tsx`。
+- 仅 `exams/all` 和 `exams/create` 有 `loading.tsx`。
+
+**问题原因**：页面开发时未配套错误边界；Suspense 仅在 `exams/all` 使用。
+
+**违反规则**：项目规则"每个独立的数据区块必须用 React Error Boundary 包裹"、"异步数据使用 React Suspense + 骨架屏"、"明确处理空数据、无权限、网络异常等边界状态"。
+
+**直接后果**：数据库连接抖动或单条记录缺失会导致整页崩溃，无法降级展示。
+
+### 2.5 组件复用不足
+
+**问题**：题目渲染逻辑在作答页、批改页、复习页三处重复实现。
+
+**出现位置**：
+- `src/modules/homework/components/homework-take-view.tsx:248-400`：渲染 `single_choice` / `multiple_choice` / `judgment` / `text` 四种题型。
+- `src/modules/homework/components/homework-grading-view.tsx:155-328`：再次渲染同样四种题型（带正确答案高亮）。
+- `src/modules/homework/components/student-homework-review-view.tsx`：第三次渲染同样四种题型（带批改反馈）。
+- 三处都重复实现 `getQuestionText` / `getOptions` / `isRecord` 等工具函数。
+
+**问题原因**：未抽象 `QuestionRenderer` / `QuestionAnswerInput` / `QuestionResultDisplay` 等复用组件。
+
+**违反规则**：项目规则"最大化复用：识别四个角色共用的 UI 块和业务逻辑块，抽象为泛型组件和 hooks"、"组合优先：所有 UI 通过组件组合实现灵活性"。
+
+**直接后果**：题型扩展（如填空、排序、拖拽）需改三处；样式不一致风险高；单测难以覆盖。
+
+### 2.6 监考模块死代码
+
+**问题**：`ExamModeConfig` 组件已实现但未集成到考试创建/编辑表单。
+
+**出现位置**：`src/modules/proctoring/components/exam-mode-config.tsx`（230 行）从未被 import。
+
+**问题原因**：架构图 §2.21 已标注"❌ P0：`exam-mode-config.tsx` 未集成到考试表单（死代码，监考功能无法启用）"，但至今未修复。
+
+**违反规则**：项目规则"如果架构图未覆盖该模块的任何部分，必须优先补全架构图再继续"——此处架构图已记录但代码未修复。
+
+**直接后果**：监考功能（防作弊、限时、全屏强制）完全不可用；`proctoring` 模块的 `recordProctoringEventAction` 无前端触发路径。
+
+### 2.7 文件行数超限
+
+**问题**：`ai-pipeline.ts` 857 行，超过 800 行建议值。
+
+**出现位置**：`src/modules/exams/ai-pipeline.ts`。
+
+**问题原因**：混合了 AI 请求构造、响应解析、Zod 校验、题目归一化、结构生成 5 类职责。
+
+**违反规则**：项目规则"Server Actions / Data Access 模块：建议 ≤ 800 行"、"超过建议行数时应考虑拆分"。
+
+**直接后果**：维护困难；AI 供应商切换需改动整个文件。
+
+### 2.8 可访问性缺陷
+
+**问题**：交互元素缺少 ARIA 属性，颜色作为唯一信息载体。
+
+**出现位置**：
+- `src/modules/homework/components/homework-grading-view.tsx:156-158`：用 `border-l-emerald-500` / `border-l-red-500` 表示对错，无文本替代。
+- `src/modules/exams/components/exam-columns.tsx:110-121`：难度仅用色块表示，`text-[10px]` 标签为英文缩写。
+- `src/modules/homework/components/homework-take-view.tsx:471-486`：题目导航按钮 `aria-label` 为英文 `Jump to question ${i+1}`，未 i18n。
+- 批改页 `Correct`/`Incorrect` 按钮仅靠颜色区分状态。
+
+**违反规则**：项目规则"可访问性（a11y）：语义化标签、ARIA 属性、键盘导航"。
+
+**直接后果**：色盲教师无法区分对错；屏幕阅读器用户体验差。
+
+### 2.9 性能问题
+
+**问题**：`getHomeworkSubmissionDetails` 为获取前后导航 ID 拉取全部提交记录。
+
+**出现位置**：`src/modules/homework/data-access.ts:540-548`。
+
+```typescript
+const allSubmissions = await db.query.homeworkSubmissions.findMany({
+  where: eq(homeworkSubmissions.assignmentId, submission.assignmentId),
+  orderBy: [desc(homeworkSubmissions.updatedAt)],
+  columns: { id: true },
+})
+const currentIndex = allSubmissions.findIndex((s) => s.id === submissionId)
+```
+
+**问题原因**：未用 SQL 窗口函数或 `OFFSET`/`LIMIT` 获取相邻记录。
+
+**违反规则**：项目规则"性能：优先使用 React Server Components 获取初始数据"——此处为 data-access 层低效查询。
+
+**直接后果**：班级 50 人作业批改时，每次打开详情都拉取 50 条记录的 ID。
+
+### 2.10 答案保存无防抖与离线支持
+
+**问题**：学生作答时每题手动点击"Save Answer"，无自动保存、无离线缓存。
+
+**出现位置**：`src/modules/homework/components/homework-take-view.tsx:139-151`。
+
+**问题原因**：未实现自动保存（防抖）和 `localStorage` 离线缓存。
+
+**违反规则**：项目规则"明确处理网络异常等边界状态"。
+
+**直接后果**：网络抖动时学生答案丢失；刷新页面（尽管有 `beforeunload` 警告）仍可能丢失未保存答案。
+
+---
+
+## 三、行业差距对比
+
+### 3.1 与主流 K12 考试系统对比
+
+| 功能 | 行业主流（如智学网、猿题库、Google Classroom） | 当前实现 | 差距影响 |
+|------|------|------|------|
+| 限时考试 | 支持设定考试时长，到时自动提交 | `ExamModeConfig` 已实现但未集成 | 教师无法组织课堂限时测验 |
+| 题目乱序 | 每位学生题目顺序随机 | `ExamModeConfig` 已实现但未集成 | 防作弊能力缺失 |
+| 监考模式 | 切屏检测、强制全屏、AI 行为分析 | `proctoring` 模块后端已实现，前端无入口 | 远程考试无法防作弊 |
+| 自动批改 | 选择题/判断题提交后即时出分 | `homework-grading-view` 有 `applyAutoGrades` 但仅在打开批改页时计算，不回写 | 学生提交后看不到即时成绩 |
+| 批量批改 | 列表页勾选多份提交批量打分 | 仅支持逐份批改 | 50 人班级批改效率低 |
+| 评分量规（Rubric） | 文本题按维度打分 | 仅支持单分数 | 主观题批改粗放 |
+| 考试分析 | 题目难度、区分度、知识点掌握度 | `homework/stats-service` 有作业分析，考试无分析 | 考试后无法复盘教学质量 |
+| 学生答案草稿 | 自动保存 + 离线缓存 | 手动保存，无离线 | 弱网环境答案易丢 |
+| 部分分自动判分 | 多选题漏选得部分分 | 全对才得分 | 评分不够精细 |
+| 重考与补考 | 支持重考流程与成绩记录 | `maxAttempts` 已支持但无补考入口 | 补考场景需手动创建新作业 |
+
+### 3.2 多角色体验差距
+
+| 角色 | 行业主流体验 | 当前实现 | 差距 |
+|------|------|------|------|
+| **教师** | 一站式工作台：创建→发布→监考→批改→分析 | 分散在 `/teacher/exams/*` 和 `/teacher/homework/*` 两个独立菜单 | 考试到作业的链路割裂 |
+| **学生** | 统一"待办"入口：作业+考试+复习 | 仅 `/student/learning/assignments`，考试作答也走作业流程 | 考试与作业概念混淆 |
+| **家长** | 查看孩子考试详情、错题本、趋势 | `parent` 模块仅有作业摘要，无考试详情 | 家长无法了解考试表现 |
+| **管理员** | 全校考试统计、年级对比、教师工作量 | 无管理员视角的考试仪表盘 | 管理层无法宏观决策 |
+
+### 3.3 UI/UX 差距
+
+- **空状态**：`exams/all` 有空状态，但 `homework/assignments/[id]/submissions` 无空状态（无提交时显示空表格）。
+- **加载骨架屏**：仅 `exams/all`、`exams/create`、`student/learning/assignments` 有；其余页面白屏加载。
+- **错误降级**：全模块无 `error.tsx`，任何数据加载失败均导致整页 500。
+- **移动端适配**：`homework-take-view` 和 `homework-grading-view` 使用 `lg:grid-cols-12`，移动端可正常显示但未优化触控体验（题目导航按钮过小）。
+
+---
+
+## 四、改进优先级建议
+
+### P0（紧急，影响安全与核心功能）
+
+1. **补全 `gradeHomeworkSubmissionAction` 权限校验**：在 data-access 层新增 `getHomeworkSubmissionForGrading(submissionId, teacherId, dataScope)`，校验教师对该作业的访问权（创建者或班级任课教师）。Server Action 二次校验。
+2. **i18n 全量回填**：新建 `messages/zh-CN/exam-homework.json` 和 `messages/en/exam-homework.json`，提取该模块所有硬编码文本为翻译键；在 `i18n/request.ts` 注册新命名空间；组件改用 `useTranslations('examHomework')`。
+3. **集成 `ExamModeConfig` 到考试表单**：在 `exam-form.tsx` 中引入 `ExamModeConfig`，将 `examMode` / `durationMinutes` / `shuffleQuestions` / `antiCheatEnabled` 等字段纳入 `ExamFormValues`，持久化到 `exams` 表；`proctoring` 模块读取这些配置启用监考。
+
+### P1（重要，影响可维护性与体验）
+
+4. **添加 Error Boundary 与 loading.tsx**：为 `exams/[id]/build`、`exams/[id]/proctoring`、`homework/assignments/[id]`、`homework/assignments/[id]/submissions`、`homework/assignments/create`、`student/learning/assignments/[assignmentId]` 配套 `error.tsx` + `loading.tsx`。
+5. **抽象题目渲染组件**：新建 `homework/components/question-renderer.tsx`，导出 `QuestionRenderer`（只读展示）、`QuestionAnswerInput`（作答交互）、`QuestionGradingPanel`（批改面板），三处页面改用组合模式复用。
+6. **清理类型断言**：`exam-form.tsx` 的 `as any` 改为正确泛型；`exam-actions.tsx` 的 `hydrate` 函数用类型守卫替代 `any[]`；`homework-take-view.tsx` / `homework-grading-view.tsx` 的 `as` 断言改为类型守卫。
+7. **拆分 `ai-pipeline.ts`**：按职责拆为 `ai-pipeline/request.ts`（请求构造）、`ai-pipeline/parse.ts`（响应解析+校验）、`ai-pipeline/structure.ts`（结构生成），原文件作为 re-export 入口。
+8. **优化 `getHomeworkSubmissionDetails` 相邻记录查询**：用 `LEAD`/`LAG` 窗口函数或两次 `LIMIT 1` 查询替代全量拉取。
+
+### P2（增强，提升体验与可扩展性）
+
+9. **学生答案自动保存 + 离线缓存**：`homework-take-view` 增加 `useDebouncedAutoSave` hook，答案变更后 3 秒自动保存；同时写入 `localStorage`，断网时队列化重试。
+10. **考试分析仪表盘**：新增 `exams/components/exam-analytics-dashboard.tsx`，复用 `homework/stats-service` 模式，展示题目难度、区分度、知识点掌握度。
+11. **批量批改 UI**：`homework/assignments/[id]/submissions` 增加多选 + 批量打分（全对/全错/自定义分数）。
+12. **a11y 修复**：颜色指示器增加文本替代；题目导航按钮 `aria-label` i18n；批改页 `Correct`/`Incorrect` 按钮增加 `aria-pressed`。
+13. **配置驱动的角色渲染**：定义 `ExamHomeworkRoleConfig` 接口，各角色模块仅组合复用单元，新增角色只改配置。
+
+---
+
+## 五、架构图同步说明
+
+本次审计发现架构图需补充以下信息：
+
+### 5.1 需补充的节点
+
+1. **`004_architecture_impact_map.md` §2.2 exams 模块**：
+   - 文件清单补充 `components/assembly/exam-paper-preview.tsx`、`question-bank-list.tsx`、`selected-question-list.tsx`、`structure-editor.tsx` 四个组件的行数与职责。
+   - 已知问题补充：`exam-mode-config.tsx` 未集成（与 proctoring 模块联动缺失）。
+
+2. **`004_architecture_impact_map.md` §2.3 homework 模块**：
+   - 文件清单补充 `components/homework-assignment-exam-content-card.tsx`、`homework-assignment-exam-error-explorer.tsx`、`homework-assignment-exam-error-explorer-lazy.tsx`、`homework-assignment-exam-preview-pane.tsx`、`homework-assignment-question-error-detail-panel.tsx`、`homework-assignment-question-error-overview-card.tsx`、`student-homework-review-view.tsx` 七个组件的行数与职责。
+   - 已知问题补充：`gradeHomeworkSubmissionAction` 权限校验不完整（P0 安全问题）。
+
+3. **`004_architecture_impact_map.md` §2.21 proctoring 模块**：
+   - 已知问题补充：`ExamModeConfig` 未集成的根因是 `ExamFormValues` 未包含 `examMode` 字段，需扩展表单 schema。
+
+4. **`005_architecture_data.json`**：
+   - `modules.exams.exports` 补充 `ExamModeConfig` 集成状态字段。
+   - `modules.homework.knownIssues` 新增 `gradeHomeworkPermissionGap` 节点。
+   - `dependencyMatrix` 补充 `proctoring → exams` 的 `examModeConfig` 依赖关系（当前仅记录 data-access 依赖，未记录 UI 集成依赖）。
+
+### 5.2 无需修改的部分
+
+- 三层架构依赖关系记录准确（`app → modules → shared`）。
+- 跨模块 data-access 调用关系记录完整（exams ↔ homework ↔ proctoring）。
+- 文件行数统计基本准确（`ai-pipeline.ts` 857 行已记录）。
+
+---
+
+## 六、重构方案设计（概要）
+
+### 6.1 完全解耦
+
+定义 `ExamHomeworkServicePort` 接口，抽象数据依赖：
+
+```typescript
+// modules/exam-homework/types/service-port.ts
+export interface ExamHomeworkServicePort {
+  getExams(scope: DataScope): Promise<ExamListItem[]>
+  getExamById(id: string): Promise<ExamDetail | null>
+  getHomeworkAssignments(scope: DataScope): Promise<HomeworkAssignmentListItem[]>
+  getStudentHomeworkTakeData(assignmentId: string, studentId: string): Promise<StudentHomeworkTakeData | null>
+  // ... 其余数据访问方法
+}
+
+export interface ExamHomeworkPermissionPort {
+  canGradeSubmission(teacherId: string, submissionId: string): Promise<boolean>
+  canViewExam(userId: string, examId: string, scope: DataScope): Promise<boolean>
+}
+```
+
+通过 `ExamHomeworkServiceProvider`（React Context）注入实现，模块内部组件绝不 import 其他业务模块的 actions。
+
+### 6.2 组合优先
+
+抽象题目渲染组件：
+
+```typescript
+// modules/exam-homework/components/question-renderer.tsx
+export function QuestionRenderer({
+  question,
+  mode,
+  children,
+}: {
+  question: QuestionData
+  mode: 'take' | 'grade' | 'review'
+  children?: React.ReactNode
+}) { ... }
+
+export function QuestionAnswerInput({ question, value, onChange, disabled }: TakeProps) { ... }
+export function QuestionGradingPanel({ answer, onScoreChange, onFeedbackChange }: GradeProps) { ... }
+```
+
+### 6.3 国际化就绪
+
+翻译文件结构示例：
+
+```json
+// messages/zh-CN/exam-homework.json
+{
+  "exam": {
+    "list": { "title": "考试列表", "create": "创建考试", "empty": "暂无考试" },
+    "form": { "title": "考试标题", "subject": "科目", "grade": "年级", "difficulty": "难度" },
+    "status": { "draft": "草稿", "published": "已发布", "archived": "已归档" },
+    "actions": { "preview": "预览", "edit": "编辑", "build": "组卷", "publish": "发布", "duplicate": "复制", "delete": "删除" }
+  },
+  "homework": {
+    "list": { "title": "作业列表", "create": "创建作业", "submissionRate": "提交率", "averageScore": "平均分", "overdue": "逾期" },
+    "take": { "start": "开始作答", "submit": "提交作业", "saveAnswer": "保存答案", "confirmSubmit": "确认提交", "unansweredWarning": "您有 {{count}} 道题未作答" },
+    "grade": { "summary": "批改摘要", "totalScore": "总分", "correct": "正确", "incorrect": "错误", "partial": "部分正确", "submitGrades": "提交成绩" }
+  },
+  "proctoring": {
+    "mode": { "homework": "作业模式", "timed": "限时模式", "proctored": "监考模式" },
+    "config": { "duration": "考试时长（分钟）", "shuffleQuestions": "题目乱序", "antiCheat": "启用防作弊监控" }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### 6.4 错误与边界处理
+
+- 每个页面配套 `error.tsx`（React Error Boundary）。
+- 每个页面配套 `loading.tsx`（骨架屏）。
+- `ExamHomeworkErrorBoundary` 组件区分 `NetworkError` / `PermissionDenied` / `NotFound` 三种状态。
+
+### 6.5 可测试性
+
+- 纯逻辑函数（`applyAutoGrades` / `computeIsCorrect` / `normalizeStructure`）已与 UI 分离，补充单测。
+- 数据获取逻辑通过 `ServicePort` 接口可 mock。
+- 新增 `__tests__/exam-homework-service.test.ts` 覆盖权限校验与数据流转。
+
+### 6.6 可扩展性
+
+配置驱动设计：
+
+```typescript
+// modules/exam-homework/config/role-config.ts
+export const EXAM_HOMEWORK_ROLE_CONFIG: Record<Role, ExamHomeworkRoleConfig> = {
+  admin: { widgets: ['stats', 'all-exams', 'all-homework'], canGrade: false },
+  teacher: { widgets: ['my-exams', 'my-homework', 'grading-queue'], canGrade: true },
+  parent: { widgets: ['child-exam-results', 'child-homework-summary'], canGrade: false },
+  student: { widgets: ['pending-exams', 'pending-homework', 'results'], canGrade: false },
+}
+```
+
+### 6.7 企业级补充
+
+- **a11y**：颜色指示器增加 `sr-only` 文本；`aria-pressed` / `aria-label` 全覆盖。
+- **性能**：RSC 获取初始数据（已实现）；客户端组件仅负责交互（已实现）；流式渲染（`Suspense` 已部分使用）。
+- **安全**：data-access 层结合 `dataScope` 过滤（已实现）；Server Action 二次校验（P0 待补全）。
+- **监控**：预留 `trackExamEvent(eventName, payload)` 接口，关键操作（创建/提交/批改）埋点。
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/student/learning/assignments/[assignmentId]/error.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/student/learning/assignments/[assignmentId]/error.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0f6310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/student/learning/assignments/[assignmentId]/error.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"use client"
+
+import { AlertCircle } from "lucide-react"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
+
+import { EmptyState } from "@/shared/components/ui/empty-state"
+
+export default function StudentAssignmentDetailError({ reset }: { error: Error & { digest?: string }; reset: () => void }) {
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full flex-col items-center justify-center space-y-4 p-8">
+      <EmptyState
+        icon={AlertCircle}
+        title={t("homework.error.notFound")}
+        description={t("homework.error.assignmentNotFound")}
+        action={{
+          label: t("common.retry"),
+          onClick: () => reset(),
+        }}
+        className="border-none shadow-none h-auto"
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/student/learning/assignments/page.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/student/learning/assignments/page.tsx
index 518506d..cb6375a 100644
--- a/src/app/(dashboard)/student/learning/assignments/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/student/learning/assignments/page.tsx
@@ -1,58 +1,42 @@
 import Link from "next/link"
+import { getTranslations } from "next-intl/server"
 
 import { EmptyState } from "@/shared/components/ui/empty-state"
-import { Badge } from "@/shared/components/ui/badge"
 import { Button } from "@/shared/components/ui/button"
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from "@/shared/components/ui/card"
-import { formatDate } from "@/shared/lib/utils"
+import { StatusBadge } from "@/shared/components/ui/status-badge"
+import { formatDate, cn } from "@/shared/lib/utils"
 import { getStudentHomeworkAssignments } from "@/modules/homework/data-access"
 import { getCurrentStudentUser } from "@/modules/users/data-access"
-import { Inbox, UserX } from "lucide-react"
+import { AssignmentFilters } from "@/modules/homework/components/assignment-filters"
+import { Inbox, UserX, TriangleAlert } from "lucide-react"
 import type {
   StudentHomeworkAssignmentListItem,
   StudentHomeworkProgressStatus,
 } from "@/modules/homework/types"
+import {
+  STUDENT_HOMEWORK_PROGRESS_VARIANT,
+} from "@/modules/homework/types"
 
 export const dynamic = "force-dynamic"
 
-const getStatusVariant = (
-  status: StudentHomeworkProgressStatus
-): "default" | "secondary" | "outline" => {
-  switch (status) {
-    case "graded":
-      return "default"
-    case "submitted":
-      return "secondary"
-    case "in_progress":
-      return "outline"
-    default:
-      return "outline"
-  }
+type SearchParams = { [key: string]: string | string[] | undefined }
+
+const getParam = (params: SearchParams, key: string) => {
+  const v = params[key]
+  return Array.isArray(v) ? v[0] : v
 }
 
-const getStatusLabel = (status: StudentHomeworkProgressStatus): string => {
+const getActionLabel = (status: StudentHomeworkProgressStatus, t: (key: string) => string): string => {
   switch (status) {
     case "graded":
-      return "Graded"
+      return t("homework.review.title")
     case "submitted":
-      return "Submitted"
+      return t("common.view")
     case "in_progress":
-      return "In progress"
+      return t("common.continue")
     default:
-      return "Not started"
-  }
-}
-
-const getActionLabel = (status: StudentHomeworkProgressStatus): string => {
-  switch (status) {
-    case "graded":
-      return "Review"
-    case "submitted":
-      return "View"
-    case "in_progress":
-      return "Continue"
-    default:
-      return "Start"
+      return t("homework.take.startAssignment")
   }
 }
 
@@ -65,7 +49,55 @@ const getActionVariant = (
 const isAnswered = (status: StudentHomeworkProgressStatus): boolean =>
   status === "submitted" || status === "graded"
 
-function AssignmentCard({ assignment: a }: { assignment: StudentHomeworkAssignmentListItem }) {
+const matchesStatusFilter = (
+  status: StudentHomeworkProgressStatus,
+  filter: string
+): boolean => {
+  if (filter === "all") return true
+  if (filter === "pending") return status === "not_started" || status === "in_progress"
+  if (filter === "submitted") return status === "submitted"
+  if (filter === "graded") return status === "graded"
+  return true
+}
+
+// Stable color mapping for subjects (hash-based, deterministic)
+const SUBJECT_DOT_COLORS = [
+  "bg-blue-500",
+  "bg-emerald-500",
+  "bg-amber-500",
+  "bg-violet-500",
+  "bg-rose-500",
+  "bg-cyan-500",
+  "bg-orange-500",
+  "bg-pink-500",
+  "bg-indigo-500",
+  "bg-teal-500",
+]
+
+const getSubjectColor = (subject: string): string => {
+  let hash = 0
+  for (let i = 0; i < subject.length; i++) {
+    hash = (hash * 31 + subject.charCodeAt(i)) | 0
+  }
+  const idx = Math.abs(hash) % SUBJECT_DOT_COLORS.length
+  return SUBJECT_DOT_COLORS[idx]
+}
+
+type TranslationFn = (key: string) => string
+
+function AssignmentCard({
+  assignment: a,
+  t,
+  statusLabelMap,
+}: {
+  assignment: StudentHomeworkAssignmentListItem
+  t: TranslationFn
+  statusLabelMap: Record<StudentHomeworkProgressStatus, string>
+}) {
+  const now = new Date()
+  const isOverdue = a.dueAt ? new Date(a.dueAt) < now : false
+  const showOverdueBadge = isOverdue && !isAnswered(a.progressStatus)
+
   return (
     <Card className="flex h-full flex-col overflow-hidden transition-all hover:shadow-md">
       <CardHeader className="gap-2 pb-3">
@@ -75,28 +107,38 @@ function AssignmentCard({ assignment: a }: { assignment: StudentHomeworkAssignme
               {a.title}
             </Link>
           </CardTitle>
-          <Badge variant={getStatusVariant(a.progressStatus)} className="capitalize">
-            {getStatusLabel(a.progressStatus)}
-          </Badge>
+          <StatusBadge
+            status={a.progressStatus}
+            variantMap={STUDENT_HOMEWORK_PROGRESS_VARIANT}
+            labelMap={statusLabelMap}
+          />
         </div>
-        <div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          <span>Due {a.dueAt ? formatDate(a.dueAt) : "-"}</span>
-          <span className="px-2" aria-hidden="true">
-            •
-          </span>
-          <span>
-            Attempts {a.attemptsUsed}/{a.maxAttempts}
-          </span>
+        <div className={cn(
+          "text-xs",
+          showOverdueBadge ? "text-destructive font-medium" : "text-muted-foreground"
+        )}>
+          <span>{t("homework.list.columns.dueAt")} {a.dueAt ? formatDate(a.dueAt) : "-"}</span>
+          <span className="px-2" aria-hidden="true">•</span>
+          <span>{t("homework.take.attempts")} {a.attemptsUsed}/{a.maxAttempts}</span>
+          {showOverdueBadge && (
+            <>
+              <span className="px-2" aria-hidden="true">•</span>
+              <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1">
+                <TriangleAlert className="h-3 w-3" />
+                {t("homework.take.overdue")}
+              </span>
+            </>
+          )}
         </div>
       </CardHeader>
       <CardContent className="mt-auto flex items-center justify-between">
         <div className="text-sm">
-          <div className="text-muted-foreground">Score</div>
+          <div className="text-muted-foreground">{t("homework.grade.score")}</div>
           <div className="font-medium tabular-nums">{a.latestScore ?? "-"}</div>
         </div>
         <Button asChild size="sm" variant={getActionVariant(a.progressStatus)}>
           <Link href={`/student/learning/assignments/${a.id}`}>
-            {getActionLabel(a.progressStatus)}
+            {getActionLabel(a.progressStatus, t)}
           </Link>
         </Button>
       </CardContent>
@@ -104,19 +146,53 @@ function AssignmentCard({ assignment: a }: { assignment: StudentHomeworkAssignme
   )
 }
 
-export default async function StudentAssignmentsPage() {
+export default async function StudentAssignmentsPage({
+  searchParams,
+}: {
+  searchParams: Promise<SearchParams>
+}) {
+  const t = await getTranslations("examHomework")
   const student = await getCurrentStudentUser()
 
+  const statusLabelMap: Record<StudentHomeworkProgressStatus, string> = {
+    not_started: t("homework.status.not_started"),
+    in_progress: t("homework.status.in_progress"),
+    submitted: t("homework.status.submitted"),
+    graded: t("homework.status.graded"),
+  }
+
   if (!student) {
     return (
-      <EmptyState title="No user found" description="Create a student user to see assignments." icon={UserX} />
+      <div className="space-y-8">
+        <div>
+          <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">{t("homework.list.title")}</h2>
+          <p className="text-muted-foreground">{t("homework.list.description")}</p>
+        </div>
+        <EmptyState title={t("homework.error.notFound")} description={t("homework.error.assignmentNotFound")} icon={UserX} />
+      </div>
     )
   }
 
-  const assignments = await getStudentHomeworkAssignments(student.id)
+  const [sp, assignments] = await Promise.all([
+    searchParams,
+    getStudentHomeworkAssignments(student.id),
+  ])
+
+  const q = (getParam(sp, "q") || "").toLowerCase().trim()
+  const statusFilter = getParam(sp, "status") || "all"
+
+  // 应用筛选
+  const filtered = assignments.filter((a) => {
+    if (q && !a.title.toLowerCase().includes(q)) return false
+    if (!matchesStatusFilter(a.progressStatus, statusFilter)) return false
+    return true
+  })
+
   const hasAssignments = assignments.length > 0
-  const assignmentsBySubject = assignments.reduce((acc, assignment) => {
-    const subject = assignment.subjectName?.trim() || "Other"
+  const hasFiltered = filtered.length > 0
+
+  const assignmentsBySubject = filtered.reduce((acc, assignment) => {
+    const subject = assignment.subjectName?.trim() || t("common.other")
     const existing = acc.get(subject)
     if (existing) {
       existing.push(assignment)
@@ -130,9 +206,22 @@ export default async function StudentAssignmentsPage() {
   )
 
   return (
-    <>
+    <div className="space-y-8">
+      <div>
+        <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">{t("homework.list.title")}</h2>
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground">{t("homework.list.description")}</p>
+      </div>
+
+      {hasAssignments && <AssignmentFilters />}
+
       {!hasAssignments ? (
-        <EmptyState title="No assignments" description="You have no assigned homework right now." icon={Inbox} />
+        <EmptyState title={t("homework.list.empty")} description={t("homework.list.emptyDescription")} icon={Inbox} />
+      ) : !hasFiltered ? (
+        <EmptyState
+          title={t("homework.list.emptyFiltered")}
+          description={t("homework.list.emptyFilteredDescription")}
+          icon={Inbox}
+        />
       ) : (
         <div className="space-y-6">
           {subjectEntries.map(([subject, items]) => {
@@ -149,15 +238,24 @@ export default async function StudentAssignmentsPage() {
 
             return (
               <div key={subject} className="space-y-3">
-                <div className="text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground">{subject}</div>
+                <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-semibold">
+                  <span
+                    className={cn("h-2.5 w-2.5 rounded-full", getSubjectColor(subject))}
+                    aria-hidden="true"
+                  />
+                  <span className="text-muted-foreground">{subject}</span>
+                  <span className="text-xs font-normal text-muted-foreground/70">
+                    ({items.length})
+                  </span>
+                </div>
                 {unanswered.length > 0 && (
                   <div className="space-y-3">
                     <div className="text-xs font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-                      Pending
+                      {t("homework.status.not_started")}
                     </div>
                     <div className="grid gap-4 md:grid-cols-2 xl:grid-cols-3">
                       {unanswered.map((a) => (
-                        <AssignmentCard key={a.id} assignment={a} />
+                        <AssignmentCard key={a.id} assignment={a} t={t} statusLabelMap={statusLabelMap} />
                       ))}
                     </div>
                   </div>
@@ -165,11 +263,11 @@ export default async function StudentAssignmentsPage() {
                 {answered.length > 0 && (
                   <div className="space-y-3">
                     <div className="text-xs font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-                      Completed
+                      {t("common.completed")}
                     </div>
                     <div className="grid gap-4 md:grid-cols-2 xl:grid-cols-3">
                       {answered.map((a) => (
-                        <AssignmentCard key={a.id} assignment={a} />
+                        <AssignmentCard key={a.id} assignment={a} t={t} statusLabelMap={statusLabelMap} />
                       ))}
                     </div>
                   </div>
@@ -179,6 +277,6 @@ export default async function StudentAssignmentsPage() {
           })}
         </div>
       )}
-    </>
+    </div>
   )
 }
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/build/error.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/build/error.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7ff242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/build/error.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"use client"
+
+import { AlertCircle } from "lucide-react"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
+
+import { EmptyState } from "@/shared/components/ui/empty-state"
+
+export default function BuildExamError({ reset }: { error: Error & { digest?: string }; reset: () => void }) {
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full flex-col items-center justify-center space-y-4 p-8">
+      <EmptyState
+        icon={AlertCircle}
+        title={t("exam.error.loadFailed")}
+        description={t("exam.error.notFound")}
+        action={{
+          label: t("common.retry"),
+          onClick: () => reset(),
+        }}
+        className="border-none shadow-none h-auto"
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/build/loading.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/build/loading.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a5b5a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/build/loading.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import { Skeleton } from "@/shared/components/ui/skeleton"
+
+export default function Loading() {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full flex-col space-y-4 p-4">
+      <div className="space-y-2">
+        <Skeleton className="h-7 w-40" />
+        <Skeleton className="h-4 w-72" />
+      </div>
+      <div className="grid w-full grid-cols-1 gap-4 lg:grid-cols-3">
+        <Skeleton className="h-[600px] lg:col-span-2" />
+        <Skeleton className="h-[600px] lg:col-span-1" />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/proctoring/error.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/proctoring/error.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..924ce45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/proctoring/error.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"use client"
+
+import { AlertCircle } from "lucide-react"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
+
+import { EmptyState } from "@/shared/components/ui/empty-state"
+
+export default function ProctoringError({ reset }: { error: Error & { digest?: string }; reset: () => void }) {
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full flex-col items-center justify-center space-y-4 p-8">
+      <EmptyState
+        icon={AlertCircle}
+        title={t("exam.error.loadFailed")}
+        description={t("exam.error.notFound")}
+        action={{
+          label: t("common.retry"),
+          onClick: () => reset(),
+        }}
+        className="border-none shadow-none h-auto"
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/proctoring/loading.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/proctoring/loading.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..706185d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/[id]/proctoring/loading.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { Skeleton } from "@/shared/components/ui/skeleton"
+
+export default function Loading() {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full flex-col space-y-4 p-4">
+      <div className="space-y-2">
+        <Skeleton className="h-7 w-48" />
+        <Skeleton className="h-4 w-72" />
+      </div>
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 gap-4 md:grid-cols-3">
+        <Skeleton className="h-32" />
+        <Skeleton className="h-32" />
+        <Skeleton className="h-32" />
+      </div>
+      <Skeleton className="h-[500px] w-full" />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/all/page.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/all/page.tsx
index 88ae701..dac1871 100644
--- a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/all/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/exams/all/page.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import type { JSX } from "react"
 import { Suspense } from "react"
 import Link from "next/link"
+import { getTranslations } from "next-intl/server"
 import { Button } from "@/shared/components/ui/button"
 import { Badge } from "@/shared/components/ui/badge"
 import { EmptyState } from "@/shared/components/ui/empty-state"
 import { Skeleton } from "@/shared/components/ui/skeleton"
 import { ExamDataTable } from "@/modules/exams/components/exam-data-table"
-import { examColumns } from "@/modules/exams/components/exam-columns"
 import { ExamFilters } from "@/modules/exams/components/exam-filters"
 import { getExams } from "@/modules/exams/data-access"
 import { getAuthContext } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import { FileText, PlusCircle } from "lucide-react"
 async function ExamsResults({ searchParams }: { searchParams: Promise<SearchParams> }): Promise<JSX.Element> {
   const params = await searchParams
   const { dataScope } = await getAuthContext()
+  const t = await getTranslations("examHomework")
 
   const q = getParam(params, "q")
   const status = getParam(params, "status")
@@ -45,20 +46,20 @@ async function ExamsResults({ searchParams }: { searchParams: Promise<SearchPara
     <div className="space-y-4">
       <div className="flex flex-col gap-3 rounded-md border bg-card px-4 py-3 md:flex-row md:items-center md:justify-between">
         <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
-          <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Showing</span>
+          <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("exam.list.showing")}</span>
           <span className="text-sm font-medium">{counts.total}</span>
-          <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">exams</span>
+          <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("exam.list.examsUnit")}</span>
           <Badge variant="outline" className="ml-0 md:ml-2">
-            Draft {counts.draft}
+            {t("exam.status.draft")} {counts.draft}
           </Badge>
-          <Badge variant="outline">Published {counts.published}</Badge>
-          <Badge variant="outline">Archived {counts.archived}</Badge>
+          <Badge variant="outline">{t("exam.status.published")} {counts.published}</Badge>
+          <Badge variant="outline">{t("exam.status.archived")} {counts.archived}</Badge>
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
           <Button asChild size="sm">
             <Link href="/teacher/exams/create" className="inline-flex items-center gap-2">
               <PlusCircle className="h-4 w-4" aria-hidden="true" />
-              Create Exam
+              {t("exam.list.create")}
             </Link>
           </Button>
         </div>
@@ -67,27 +68,27 @@ async function ExamsResults({ searchParams }: { searchParams: Promise<SearchPara
       {exams.length === 0 ? (
         <EmptyState
           icon={FileText}
-          title={hasFilters ? "No exams match your filters" : "No exams yet"}
+          title={hasFilters ? t("exam.list.emptyFiltered") : t("exam.list.empty")}
           description={
             hasFilters
-              ? "Try clearing filters or adjusting keywords."
-              : "Create your first exam to start assigning and grading."
+              ? t("exam.list.emptyFilteredDescription")
+              : t("exam.list.emptyDescription")
           }
           action={
             hasFilters
               ? {
-                  label: "Clear filters",
+                  label: t("exam.list.clearFilters"),
                   href: "/teacher/exams/all",
                 }
               : {
-                  label: "Create Exam",
+                  label: t("exam.list.create"),
                   href: "/teacher/exams/create",
                 }
           }
           className="h-[360px] bg-card"
         />
       ) : (
-        <ExamDataTable columns={examColumns} data={exams} />
+        <ExamDataTable data={exams} />
       )}
     </div>
   )
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/error.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/error.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..142fab0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/error.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"use client"
+
+import { AlertCircle } from "lucide-react"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
+
+import { EmptyState } from "@/shared/components/ui/empty-state"
+
+export default function AssignmentDetailError({ reset }: { error: Error & { digest?: string }; reset: () => void }) {
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full flex-col items-center justify-center space-y-4 p-8">
+      <EmptyState
+        icon={AlertCircle}
+        title={t("homework.error.notFound")}
+        description={t("homework.error.assignmentNotFound")}
+        action={{
+          label: t("common.retry"),
+          onClick: () => reset(),
+        }}
+        className="border-none shadow-none h-auto"
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/loading.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/loading.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95e2a4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/loading.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { Skeleton } from "@/shared/components/ui/skeleton"
+
+export default function Loading() {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full flex-col space-y-8 p-8">
+      <div className="space-y-2">
+        <Skeleton className="h-7 w-48" />
+        <Skeleton className="h-4 w-72" />
+      </div>
+      <div className="rounded-md border bg-card">
+        <div className="p-4 space-y-3">
+          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-full" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-16 w-full" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-16 w-full" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-16 w-full" />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/error.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/error.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec9876d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/error.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"use client"
+
+import { AlertCircle } from "lucide-react"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
+
+import { EmptyState } from "@/shared/components/ui/empty-state"
+
+export default function SubmissionsError({ reset }: { error: Error & { digest?: string }; reset: () => void }) {
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full flex-col items-center justify-center space-y-4 p-8">
+      <EmptyState
+        icon={AlertCircle}
+        title={t("homework.error.notFound")}
+        description={t("homework.error.submissionNotFound")}
+        action={{
+          label: t("common.retry"),
+          onClick: () => reset(),
+        }}
+        className="border-none shadow-none h-auto"
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/loading.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/loading.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd921f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/loading.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { Skeleton } from "@/shared/components/ui/skeleton"
+
+export default function Loading() {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex h-full flex-col space-y-8 p-8">
+      <div className="space-y-2">
+        <Skeleton className="h-7 w-40" />
+        <Skeleton className="h-4 w-72" />
+      </div>
+      <div className="rounded-md border bg-card">
+        <div className="p-4 space-y-3">
+          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-full" />
+          {Array.from({ length: 6 }).map((_, i) => (
+            <Skeleton key={i} className="h-12 w-full" />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/page.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/page.tsx
index 7d9b188..735359b 100644
--- a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/[id]/submissions/page.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import type { JSX } from "react"
 import Link from "next/link"
 import { notFound } from "next/navigation"
+import { getTranslations } from "next-intl/server"
 import { Badge } from "@/shared/components/ui/badge"
 import { Button } from "@/shared/components/ui/button"
 import {
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ export const dynamic = "force-dynamic"
 
 export default async function HomeworkAssignmentSubmissionsPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }): Promise<JSX.Element> {
   const { id } = await params
+  const t = await getTranslations("examHomework")
   const [assignment, submissions] = await Promise.all([
     getHomeworkAssignmentById(id),
     getHomeworkSubmissions({ assignmentId: id }),
@@ -28,24 +30,24 @@ export default async function HomeworkAssignmentSubmissionsPage({ params }: { pa
     <div className="flex h-full flex-col space-y-8 p-8">
       <div className="flex flex-col justify-between gap-4 md:flex-row md:items-center">
         <div className="min-w-0">
-          <h1 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">Submissions</h1>
+          <h1 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">{t("homework.grade.submissions")}</h1>
           <p className="text-muted-foreground truncate">{assignment.title}</p>
           <div className="mt-2 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-            <span>Exam: {assignment.sourceExamTitle}</span>
+            <span>{t("homework.grade.exam")}: {assignment.sourceExamTitle}</span>
             <span aria-hidden="true">•</span>
-            <span className="tabular-nums">Targets: {assignment.targetCount}</span>
+            <span className="tabular-nums">{t("homework.grade.targets")}: {assignment.targetCount}</span>
             <span aria-hidden="true">•</span>
-            <span className="tabular-nums">Submitted: {assignment.submittedCount}</span>
+            <span className="tabular-nums">{t("homework.grade.submittedCount")}: {assignment.submittedCount}</span>
             <span aria-hidden="true">•</span>
-            <span className="tabular-nums">Graded: {assignment.gradedCount}</span>
+            <span className="tabular-nums">{t("homework.grade.gradedCount")}: {assignment.gradedCount}</span>
           </div>
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
           <Button asChild variant="outline">
-            <Link href="/teacher/homework/submissions">Back</Link>
+            <Link href="/teacher/homework/submissions">{t("homework.grade.back")}</Link>
           </Button>
           <Button asChild variant="outline">
-            <Link href={`/teacher/homework/assignments/${id}`}>Open Assignment</Link>
+            <Link href={`/teacher/homework/assignments/${id}`}>{t("homework.grade.openAssignment")}</Link>
           </Button>
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -54,11 +56,11 @@ export default async function HomeworkAssignmentSubmissionsPage({ params }: { pa
         <Table>
           <TableHeader>
             <TableRow>
-              <TableHead>Student</TableHead>
-              <TableHead>Status</TableHead>
-              <TableHead>Submitted</TableHead>
-              <TableHead>Score</TableHead>
-              <TableHead>Action</TableHead>
+              <TableHead>{t("homework.grade.student")}</TableHead>
+              <TableHead>{t("homework.grade.status")}</TableHead>
+              <TableHead>{t("homework.grade.submitted")}</TableHead>
+              <TableHead>{t("homework.grade.score")}</TableHead>
+              <TableHead>{t("homework.grade.action")}</TableHead>
             </TableRow>
           </TableHeader>
           <TableBody>
@@ -69,13 +71,13 @@ export default async function HomeworkAssignmentSubmissionsPage({ params }: { pa
                   <Badge variant="outline" className="capitalize">
                     {s.status}
                   </Badge>
-                  {s.isLate ? <span className="ml-2 text-xs text-destructive">Late</span> : null}
+                  {s.isLate ? <span className="ml-2 text-xs text-destructive">{t("homework.grade.late")}</span> : null}
                 </TableCell>
                 <TableCell className="text-muted-foreground tabular-nums">{s.submittedAt ? formatDate(s.submittedAt) : "-"}</TableCell>
                 <TableCell className="tabular-nums">{typeof s.score === "number" ? s.score : "-"}</TableCell>
                 <TableCell>
                   <Link href={`/teacher/homework/submissions/${s.id}`} className="text-sm underline-offset-4 hover:underline">
-                    Grade
+                    {t("homework.grade.title")}
                   </Link>
                 </TableCell>
               </TableRow>
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/create/loading.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/create/loading.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f1a2b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/create/loading.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import { Skeleton } from "@/shared/components/ui/skeleton"
+
+export default function Loading() {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex w-full justify-center items-center min-h-[calc(100vh-160px)] p-8 max-w-[1200px] mx-auto">
+      <div className="w-full space-y-6">
+        <div className="space-y-2">
+          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-48" />
+          <Skeleton className="h-4 w-72" />
+        </div>
+        <Skeleton className="h-[600px] w-full" />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/page.tsx b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/page.tsx
index 92ec7c7..a40f450 100644
--- a/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/teacher/homework/assignments/page.tsx
@@ -11,16 +11,22 @@ import {
   TableHeader,
   TableRow,
 } from "@/shared/components/ui/table"
-import { formatDate } from "@/shared/lib/utils"
+import { Progress } from "@/shared/components/ui/progress"
+import { ListPagination, computePagination, paginate } from "@/shared/components/ui/list-pagination"
+import { formatDate, formatNumber } from "@/shared/lib/utils"
 import { getParam, type SearchParams } from "@/shared/lib/search-params"
 import { getHomeworkAssignments } from "@/modules/homework/data-access"
 import { getTeacherClasses } from "@/modules/classes/data-access"
-import { PenTool, PlusCircle } from "lucide-react"
+import { PenTool, PlusCircle, AlertCircle } from "lucide-react"
 import { getTeacherIdForMutations } from "@/modules/classes/data-access"
+import { getTranslations } from "next-intl/server"
 
 export const dynamic = "force-dynamic"
 
+const PAGE_SIZE = 10
+
 export default async function AssignmentsPage({ searchParams }: { searchParams: Promise<SearchParams> }): Promise<JSX.Element> {
+  const t = await getTranslations("examHomework")
   const sp = await searchParams
   const rawClassId = getParam(sp, "classId")
   const creatorId = await getTeacherIdForMutations()
@@ -36,19 +42,26 @@ export default async function AssignmentsPage({ searchParams }: { searchParams:
   const hasAssignments = assignments.length > 0
   const className = filteredClassId ? classes.find((c) => c.id === filteredClassId)?.name : undefined
 
+  // 分页计算
+  const { page } = computePagination(sp, PAGE_SIZE)
+  const total = assignments.length
+  const totalPages = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(total / PAGE_SIZE))
+  const currentPage = Math.min(page, totalPages)
+  const pagedAssignments = paginate(assignments, currentPage, PAGE_SIZE)
+
   return (
     <div className="h-full flex-1 flex-col space-y-8 p-8 md:flex">
       <div className="flex items-center justify-between space-y-2">
         <div>
-          <h1 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">Assignments</h1>
+          <h1 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">{t("homework.list.title")}</h1>
           <p className="text-muted-foreground">
-            {filteredClassId ? `Filtered by class: ${className ?? filteredClassId}` : "Manage homework assignments."}
+            {filteredClassId ? t("homework.list.filterByClass", { className: className ?? filteredClassId }) : t("homework.list.description")}
           </p>
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
           {filteredClassId ? (
             <Button asChild variant="outline">
-              <Link href="/teacher/homework/assignments">Clear filter</Link>
+              <Link href="/teacher/homework/assignments">{t("homework.list.clearFilters")}</Link>
             </Button>
           ) : null}
           <Button asChild>
@@ -60,7 +73,7 @@ export default async function AssignmentsPage({ searchParams }: { searchParams:
               }
             >
               <PlusCircle className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" aria-hidden="true" />
-              Create Assignment
+              {t("homework.list.create")}
             </Link>
           </Button>
         </div>
@@ -68,11 +81,11 @@ export default async function AssignmentsPage({ searchParams }: { searchParams:
 
       {!hasAssignments ? (
         <EmptyState
-          title="No assignments"
-          description={filteredClassId ? "No assignments for this class yet." : "You haven't created any assignments yet."}
+          title={t("homework.list.empty")}
+          description={filteredClassId ? t("homework.list.emptyFiltered") : t("homework.list.emptyDescription")}
           icon={PenTool}
           action={{
-            label: "Create Assignment",
+            label: t("homework.list.create"),
             href:
               filteredClassId
                 ? `/teacher/homework/assignments/create?classId=${encodeURIComponent(filteredClassId)}`
@@ -84,36 +97,73 @@ export default async function AssignmentsPage({ searchParams }: { searchParams:
           <Table>
             <TableHeader>
               <TableRow>
-                <TableHead>Title</TableHead>
-                <TableHead>Status</TableHead>
-                <TableHead>Due</TableHead>
-                <TableHead>Source Exam</TableHead>
-                <TableHead>Created</TableHead>
+                <TableHead className="w-[260px]">{t("homework.list.columns.title")}</TableHead>
+                <TableHead>{t("homework.list.columns.status")}</TableHead>
+                <TableHead>{t("homework.list.columns.dueAt")}</TableHead>
+                <TableHead className="w-[180px]">{t("homework.list.columns.submissionRate")}</TableHead>
+                <TableHead className="text-right">{t("homework.list.columns.averageScore")}</TableHead>
+                <TableHead className="text-right">{t("homework.list.columns.overdue")}</TableHead>
+                <TableHead>{t("homework.list.columns.sourceExam")}</TableHead>
+                <TableHead>{t("homework.list.columns.createdAt")}</TableHead>
               </TableRow>
             </TableHeader>
             <TableBody>
-              {assignments.map((a) => (
-                <TableRow key={a.id}>
-                  <TableCell className="font-medium">
-                    <Link
-                      href={`/teacher/homework/assignments/${a.id}`}
-                      className="hover:underline line-clamp-2 max-w-[240px]"
-                    >
-                      {a.title}
-                    </Link>
-                  </TableCell>
-                  <TableCell>
-                    <Badge variant="outline" className="capitalize">
-                      {a.status}
-                    </Badge>
-                  </TableCell>
-                  <TableCell className="text-muted-foreground tabular-nums">{a.dueAt ? formatDate(a.dueAt) : "-"}</TableCell>
-                  <TableCell className="text-muted-foreground truncate max-w-[200px]">{a.sourceExamTitle}</TableCell>
-                  <TableCell className="text-muted-foreground tabular-nums">{formatDate(a.createdAt)}</TableCell>
-                </TableRow>
-              ))}
+              {pagedAssignments.map((a) => {
+                const submissionRate = a.targetCount > 0 ? (a.submittedCount / a.targetCount) * 100 : 0
+                const hasOverdue = a.overdueCount > 0
+                return (
+                  <TableRow key={a.id}>
+                    <TableCell className="font-medium">
+                      <Link
+                        href={`/teacher/homework/assignments/${a.id}`}
+                        className="hover:underline line-clamp-2 max-w-[240px]"
+                      >
+                        {a.title}
+                      </Link>
+                    </TableCell>
+                    <TableCell>
+                      <Badge variant="outline" className="capitalize">
+                        {t(`homework.status.${a.status}`)}
+                      </Badge>
+                    </TableCell>
+                    <TableCell className="text-muted-foreground tabular-nums">{a.dueAt ? formatDate(a.dueAt) : "-"}</TableCell>
+                    <TableCell>
+                      <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                        <Progress value={submissionRate} className="h-2 w-24" aria-label={t("homework.list.columns.submissionRate")} />
+                        <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">
+                          {a.submittedCount}/{a.targetCount}
+                        </span>
+                      </div>
+                    </TableCell>
+                    <TableCell className="text-right tabular-nums">
+                      {a.averageScore !== null ? formatNumber(a.averageScore, 1) : "-"}
+                    </TableCell>
+                    <TableCell className="text-right">
+                      {hasOverdue ? (
+                        <Badge variant="destructive" className="gap-1">
+                          <AlertCircle className="h-3 w-3" aria-hidden="true" />
+                          {a.overdueCount}
+                        </Badge>
+                      ) : (
+                        <span className="text-muted-foreground tabular-nums">0</span>
+                      )}
+                    </TableCell>
+                    <TableCell className="text-muted-foreground truncate max-w-[160px]">{a.sourceExamTitle}</TableCell>
+                    <TableCell className="text-muted-foreground tabular-nums">{formatDate(a.createdAt)}</TableCell>
+                  </TableRow>
+                )
+              })}
             </TableBody>
           </Table>
+          <ListPagination
+            page={currentPage}
+            pageSize={PAGE_SIZE}
+            total={total}
+            totalPages={totalPages}
+            basePath="/teacher/homework/assignments"
+            searchParams={sp}
+            itemLabel={t("homework.list.pagination.itemLabel")}
+          />
         </div>
       )}
     </div>
diff --git a/src/i18n/request.ts b/src/i18n/request.ts
index 1ed7ad0..fc212d8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/request.ts
+++ b/src/i18n/request.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ export default getRequestConfig(async () => {
     lessonPreparation,
     grades,
     diagnostic,
+    attendance,
+    elective,
   ] = await Promise.all([
     import(`@/shared/i18n/messages/${locale}/common.json`),
     import(`@/shared/i18n/messages/${locale}/auth.json`),
@@ -51,6 +53,8 @@ export default getRequestConfig(async () => {
     import(`@/shared/i18n/messages/${locale}/lesson-preparation.json`),
     import(`@/shared/i18n/messages/${locale}/grades.json`),
     import(`@/shared/i18n/messages/${locale}/diagnostic.json`),
+    import(`@/shared/i18n/messages/${locale}/attendance.json`),
+    import(`@/shared/i18n/messages/${locale}/elective.json`),
   ]);
 
   return {
@@ -71,6 +75,8 @@ export default getRequestConfig(async () => {
       lessonPreparation: lessonPreparation.default,
       grades: grades.default,
       diagnostic: diagnostic.default,
+      attendance: attendance.default,
+      elective: elective.default,
     },
   };
 });
diff --git a/src/modules/exams/components/exam-actions.tsx b/src/modules/exams/components/exam-actions.tsx
index f3ffffa..9ea8c92 100644
--- a/src/modules/exams/components/exam-actions.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/exams/components/exam-actions.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import { useState } from "react"
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
 import { MoreHorizontal, Eye, Pencil, Trash, Archive, UploadCloud, Undo2, Copy } from "lucide-react"
 import { toast } from "sonner"
 
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ interface ExamActionsProps {
 
 export function ExamActions({ exam }: ExamActionsProps) {
   const router = useRouter()
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
   const [showViewDialog, setShowViewDialog] = useState(false)
   const [showDeleteDialog, setShowDeleteDialog] = useState(false)
   const [isWorking, setIsWorking] = useState(false)
@@ -76,11 +78,11 @@ export function ExamActions({ exam }: ExamActionsProps) {
         const nodes = Array.isArray(structure) ? hydrate(structure) : []
         setPreviewNodes(nodes)
       } else {
-        toast.error("Failed to load exam preview")
+        toast.error(t("exam.actions.previewFailed"))
         setShowViewDialog(false)
       }
     } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to load exam preview")
+      toast.error(t("exam.actions.previewFailed"))
       setShowViewDialog(false)
     } finally {
       setLoadingPreview(false)
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ export function ExamActions({ exam }: ExamActionsProps) {
 
   const copyId = () => {
     navigator.clipboard.writeText(exam.id)
-    toast.success("Exam ID copied to clipboard")
+    toast.success(t("exam.actions.idCopied"))
   }
 
   const setStatus = async (status: Exam["status"]) => {
@@ -100,13 +102,13 @@ export function ExamActions({ exam }: ExamActionsProps) {
       formData.set("status", status)
       const result = await updateExamAction(null, formData)
       if (result.success) {
-        toast.success(status === "published" ? "Exam published" : status === "archived" ? "Exam archived" : "Exam moved to draft")
+        toast.success(status === "published" ? t("exam.actions.publishSuccess") : status === "archived" ? t("exam.actions.archiveSuccess") : t("exam.actions.draftSuccess"))
         router.refresh()
       } else {
-        toast.error(result.message || "Failed to update exam")
+        toast.error(result.message || t("exam.actions.updateFailed"))
       }
     } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to update exam")
+      toast.error(t("exam.actions.updateFailed"))
     } finally {
       setIsWorking(false)
     }
@@ -119,14 +121,14 @@ export function ExamActions({ exam }: ExamActionsProps) {
       formData.set("examId", exam.id)
       const result = await duplicateExamAction(null, formData)
       if (result.success && result.data) {
-        toast.success("Exam duplicated")
+        toast.success(t("exam.actions.duplicateSuccess"))
         router.push(`/teacher/exams/${result.data}/build`)
         router.refresh()
       } else {
-        toast.error(result.message || "Failed to duplicate exam")
+        toast.error(result.message || t("exam.actions.duplicateFailed"))
       }
     } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to duplicate exam")
+      toast.error(t("exam.actions.duplicateFailed"))
     } finally {
       setIsWorking(false)
     }
@@ -139,14 +141,14 @@ export function ExamActions({ exam }: ExamActionsProps) {
       formData.set("examId", exam.id)
       const result = await deleteExamAction(null, formData)
       if (result.success) {
-        toast.success("Exam deleted successfully")
+        toast.success(t("exam.actions.deleteSuccess"))
         setShowDeleteDialog(false)
         router.refresh()
       } else {
-        toast.error(result.message || "Failed to delete exam")
+        toast.error(result.message || t("exam.actions.deleteFailed"))
       }
     } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to delete exam")
+      toast.error(t("exam.actions.deleteFailed"))
     } finally {
       setIsWorking(false)
     }
@@ -163,75 +165,74 @@ export function ExamActions({ exam }: ExamActionsProps) {
             e.stopPropagation()
             handleView()
           }}
-          title="Preview Exam"
-          aria-label="Preview exam"
+          title={t("exam.actions.preview")}
+          aria-label={t("exam.actions.preview")}
         >
           <Eye className="h-4 w-4" />
         </Button>
         <DropdownMenu>
           <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
-            <Button variant="ghost" className="h-8 w-8 p-0" aria-label="Open menu">
-              <span className="sr-only">Open menu</span>
+            <Button variant="ghost" className="h-8 w-8 p-0" aria-label={t("exam.actions.openMenu")}>
+              <span className="sr-only">{t("exam.actions.openMenu")}</span>
               <MoreHorizontal className="h-4 w-4" />
             </Button>
           </DropdownMenuTrigger>
           <DropdownMenuContent align="end">
-            <DropdownMenuLabel>Actions</DropdownMenuLabel>
+            <DropdownMenuLabel>{t("exam.actions.copyId")}</DropdownMenuLabel>
             <DropdownMenuItem onClick={copyId}>
-              <Copy className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> Copy ID
+              <Copy className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("exam.actions.copyId")}
             </DropdownMenuItem>
             <DropdownMenuSeparator />
             <DropdownMenuItem onClick={() => router.push(`/teacher/exams/${exam.id}/build`)}>
-              <Pencil className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> Edit
+              <Pencil className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("exam.actions.edit")}
             </DropdownMenuItem>
           <DropdownMenuItem onClick={() => router.push(`/teacher/exams/${exam.id}/build`)}>
-            <MoreHorizontal className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> Build
+            <MoreHorizontal className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("exam.actions.build")}
           </DropdownMenuItem>
           <DropdownMenuSeparator />
           <DropdownMenuItem onClick={duplicateExam} disabled={isWorking}>
-            <Copy className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> Duplicate
+            <Copy className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("exam.actions.duplicate")}
           </DropdownMenuItem>
           <DropdownMenuSeparator />
           <DropdownMenuItem
             onClick={() => setStatus("published")}
             disabled={isWorking || exam.status === "published"}
           >
-            <UploadCloud className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> Publish
+            <UploadCloud className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("exam.actions.publish")}
           </DropdownMenuItem>
           <DropdownMenuItem
             onClick={() => setStatus("draft")}
             disabled={isWorking || exam.status === "draft"}
           >
-            <Undo2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> Move to Draft
+            <Undo2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("exam.actions.moveToDraft")}
           </DropdownMenuItem>
           <DropdownMenuItem
             onClick={() => setStatus("archived")}
             disabled={isWorking || exam.status === "archived"}
           >
-            <Archive className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> Archive
+            <Archive className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("exam.actions.archive")}
           </DropdownMenuItem>
           <DropdownMenuItem
             className="text-destructive focus:text-destructive"
             onClick={() => setShowDeleteDialog(true)}
             disabled={isWorking}
           >
-            <Trash className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> Delete
+            <Trash className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("exam.actions.delete")}
           </DropdownMenuItem>
         </DropdownMenuContent>
       </DropdownMenu>
       </div>
-      
+
       <AlertDialog open={showDeleteDialog} onOpenChange={setShowDeleteDialog}>
         <AlertDialogContent>
           <AlertDialogHeader>
-            <AlertDialogTitle>Are you absolutely sure?</AlertDialogTitle>
+            <AlertDialogTitle>{t("exam.actions.deleteConfirmTitle")}</AlertDialogTitle>
             <AlertDialogDescription>
-              This action cannot be undone. This will permanently delete the exam
-              &quot;{exam.title}&quot; and remove all associated data.
+              {t("exam.actions.deleteConfirmDescription", { title: exam.title })}
             </AlertDialogDescription>
           </AlertDialogHeader>
           <AlertDialogFooter>
-            <AlertDialogCancel>Cancel</AlertDialogCancel>
+            <AlertDialogCancel>{t("exam.actions.cancel")}</AlertDialogCancel>
             <AlertDialogAction
               className="bg-destructive text-destructive-foreground hover:bg-destructive/90"
               onClick={(e) => {
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ export function ExamActions({ exam }: ExamActionsProps) {
               }}
               disabled={isWorking}
             >
-              Delete
+              {t("exam.actions.delete")}
             </AlertDialogAction>
           </AlertDialogFooter>
         </AlertDialogContent>
@@ -253,10 +254,10 @@ export function ExamActions({ exam }: ExamActionsProps) {
             </div>
             <ScrollArea className="flex-1">
                 {loadingPreview ? (
-                    <div className="py-20 text-center text-muted-foreground">Loading preview...</div>
+                    <div className="py-20 text-center text-muted-foreground">{t("exam.actions.loadingPreview")}</div>
                 ) : previewNodes && previewNodes.length > 0 ? (
                     <div className="max-w-3xl mx-auto py-8 px-6">
-                        <ExamPaperPreview 
+                        <ExamPaperPreview
                             title={exam.title}
                             subject={exam.subject}
                             grade={exam.grade}
@@ -267,7 +268,7 @@ export function ExamActions({ exam }: ExamActionsProps) {
                     </div>
                 ) : (
                     <div className="py-20 text-center text-muted-foreground">
-                        No questions in this exam.
+                        {t("exam.actions.noQuestions")}
                     </div>
                 )}
             </ScrollArea>
diff --git a/src/modules/exams/components/exam-columns.tsx b/src/modules/exams/components/exam-columns.tsx
index 7de7509..f509b41 100644
--- a/src/modules/exams/components/exam-columns.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/exams/components/exam-columns.tsx
@@ -7,152 +7,154 @@ import { cn, formatDate } from "@/shared/lib/utils"
 import { Exam } from "../types"
 import { ExamActions } from "./exam-actions"
 
-export const examColumns: ColumnDef<Exam>[] = [
-  {
-    id: "select",
-    header: ({ table }) => (
-      <Checkbox
-        checked={table.getIsAllPageRowsSelected()}
-        onCheckedChange={(value) => table.toggleAllPageRowsSelected(!!value)}
-        aria-label="Select all"
-      />
-    ),
-    cell: ({ row }) => (
-      <Checkbox
-        checked={row.getIsSelected()}
-        onCheckedChange={(value) => row.toggleSelected(!!value)}
-        aria-label="Select row"
-      />
-    ),
-    enableSorting: false,
-    enableHiding: false,
-    size: 36,
-  },
-  {
-    accessorKey: "title",
-    header: "Exam Info",
-    cell: ({ row }) => (
-      <div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
-        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-          <span className="font-semibold text-base">{row.original.title}</span>
-          {row.original.tags && row.original.tags.length > 0 && (
-            <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1">
-              {row.original.tags.slice(0, 2).map((t, idx) => (
-                <Badge key={`${t}-${idx}`} variant="secondary" className="h-5 px-1.5 text-[10px]">
-                  {t}
-                </Badge>
-              ))}
-              {row.original.tags.length > 2 && (
-                <Badge variant="secondary" className="h-5 px-1.5 text-[10px]">+{row.original.tags.length - 2}</Badge>
-              )}
-            </div>
-          )}
-        </div>
-        <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          <span className="font-medium text-foreground/80">{row.original.subject}</span>
-          <span>•</span>
-          <span>{row.original.grade}</span>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    ),
-  },
-  {
-    accessorKey: "status",
-    header: "Status",
-    cell: ({ row }) => {
-      const status = row.original.status
-      // Use 'default' as base for published/success to ensure type safety, 
-      // but override with className below
-      const variant: BadgeProps["variant"] =
-        status === "published"
-          ? "default" 
-          : status === "archived"
-          ? "secondary"
-          : "outline"
-      
-      return (
-        <Badge 
-          variant={variant} 
-          className={cn(
-            "capitalize",
-            status === "published" && "bg-green-600 hover:bg-green-700 border-transparent",
-            status === "draft" && "bg-amber-100 text-amber-800 hover:bg-amber-200 border-amber-200 dark:bg-amber-900/30 dark:text-amber-400 dark:border-amber-800"
-          )}
-        >
-          {status}
-        </Badge>
-      )
+type TranslationFn = (key: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => string
+
+export function createExamColumns(t: TranslationFn): ColumnDef<Exam>[] {
+  return [
+    {
+      id: "select",
+      header: ({ table }) => (
+        <Checkbox
+          checked={table.getIsAllPageRowsSelected()}
+          onCheckedChange={(value) => table.toggleAllPageRowsSelected(!!value)}
+          aria-label={t("exam.actions.selectAll")}
+        />
+      ),
+      cell: ({ row }) => (
+        <Checkbox
+          checked={row.getIsSelected()}
+          onCheckedChange={(value) => row.toggleSelected(!!value)}
+          aria-label={t("exam.actions.selectRow")}
+        />
+      ),
+      enableSorting: false,
+      enableHiding: false,
+      size: 36,
     },
-  },
-  {
-    id: "stats",
-    header: "Stats",
-    cell: ({ row }) => (
-      <div className="flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-          <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{row.original.questionCount} Qs</span>
-          <span>•</span>
-          <span>{row.original.totalScore} Pts</span>
-        </div>
-        <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
-          <span>{row.original.durationMin} min</span>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    ),
-  },
-  {
-    accessorKey: "difficulty",
-    header: "Difficulty",
-    cell: ({ row }) => {
-      const diff = row.original.difficulty
-      return (
+    {
+      accessorKey: "title",
+      header: t("exam.columns.examInfo"),
+      cell: ({ row }) => (
         <div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
-          <div className="flex gap-0.5">
-            {[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map((level) => (
-              <div
-                key={level}
-                className={cn(
-                  "h-1.5 w-3 rounded-full",
-                  level <= diff 
-                    ? diff <= 2 ? "bg-green-500" : diff === 3 ? "bg-yellow-500" : "bg-red-500"
-                    : "bg-muted"
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+            <span className="font-semibold text-base">{row.original.title}</span>
+            {row.original.tags && row.original.tags.length > 0 && (
+              <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1">
+                {row.original.tags.slice(0, 2).map((tag, idx) => (
+                  <Badge key={`${tag}-${idx}`} variant="secondary" className="h-5 px-1.5 text-[10px]">
+                    {tag}
+                  </Badge>
+                ))}
+                {row.original.tags.length > 2 && (
+                  <Badge variant="secondary" className="h-5 px-1.5 text-[10px]">+{row.original.tags.length - 2}</Badge>
                 )}
-              />
-            ))}
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </div>
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            <span className="font-medium text-foreground/80">{row.original.subject}</span>
+            <span>•</span>
+            <span>{row.original.grade}</span>
           </div>
-          <span className="text-[10px] text-muted-foreground font-medium">
-            {diff === 1 ? "Easy" : diff === 2 ? "Easy-Med" : diff === 3 ? "Medium" : diff === 4 ? "Med-Hard" : "Hard"}
-          </span>
         </div>
-      )
+      ),
     },
-  },
-  {
-    id: "dates",
-    header: "Date",
-    cell: ({ row }) => {
-      const scheduled = row.original.scheduledAt
-      const created = row.original.createdAt
-      
-      return (
-        <div className="flex flex-col gap-0.5 text-xs">
-          {scheduled ? (
-             <>
-               <span className="font-medium text-blue-600 dark:text-blue-400">Scheduled</span>
-               <span className="text-muted-foreground">{formatDate(scheduled)}</span>
-             </>
-          ) : (
-             <>
-               <span className="text-muted-foreground">Created</span>
-               <span>{formatDate(created)}</span>
-             </>
-          )}
+    {
+      accessorKey: "status",
+      header: t("exam.columns.status"),
+      cell: ({ row }) => {
+        const status = row.original.status
+        const variant: BadgeProps["variant"] =
+          status === "published"
+            ? "default"
+            : status === "archived"
+            ? "secondary"
+            : "outline"
+
+        return (
+          <Badge
+            variant={variant}
+            className={cn(
+              "capitalize",
+              status === "published" && "bg-green-600 hover:bg-green-700 border-transparent",
+              status === "draft" && "bg-amber-100 text-amber-800 hover:bg-amber-200 border-amber-200 dark:bg-amber-900/30 dark:text-amber-400 dark:border-amber-800"
+            )}
+          >
+            {t(`exam.status.${status}`)}
+          </Badge>
+        )
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      id: "stats",
+      header: t("exam.columns.stats"),
+      cell: ({ row }) => (
+        <div className="flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+            <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{row.original.questionCount} {t("exam.columns.questions")}</span>
+            <span>•</span>
+            <span>{row.original.totalScore} {t("exam.columns.points")}</span>
+          </div>
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
+            <span>{row.original.durationMin} min</span>
+          </div>
         </div>
-      )
+      ),
     },
-  },
-  {
-    id: "actions",
-    cell: ({ row }) => <ExamActions exam={row.original} />,
-  },
-]
+    {
+      accessorKey: "difficulty",
+      header: t("exam.columns.difficulty"),
+      cell: ({ row }) => {
+        const diff = row.original.difficulty
+        return (
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+            <div className="flex gap-0.5">
+              {[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map((level) => (
+                <div
+                  key={level}
+                  className={cn(
+                    "h-1.5 w-3 rounded-full",
+                    level <= diff
+                      ? diff <= 2 ? "bg-green-500" : diff === 3 ? "bg-yellow-500" : "bg-red-500"
+                      : "bg-muted"
+                  )}
+                />
+              ))}
+            </div>
+            <span className="text-[10px] text-muted-foreground font-medium">
+              {t(`exam.difficulty.${diff}`)}
+            </span>
+          </div>
+        )
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      id: "dates",
+      header: t("exam.columns.date"),
+      cell: ({ row }) => {
+        const scheduled = row.original.scheduledAt
+        const created = row.original.createdAt
+
+        return (
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-0.5 text-xs">
+            {scheduled ? (
+               <>
+                 <span className="font-medium text-blue-600 dark:text-blue-400">{t("exam.columns.scheduled")}</span>
+                 <span className="text-muted-foreground">{formatDate(scheduled)}</span>
+               </>
+            ) : (
+               <>
+                 <span className="text-muted-foreground">{t("exam.columns.created")}</span>
+                 <span>{formatDate(created)}</span>
+               </>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      id: "actions",
+      cell: ({ row }) => <ExamActions exam={row.original} />,
+    },
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/src/modules/exams/components/exam-data-table.tsx b/src/modules/exams/components/exam-data-table.tsx
index 88a95e8..d026acd 100644
--- a/src/modules/exams/components/exam-data-table.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/exams/components/exam-data-table.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 import * as React from "react"
 import {
-  ColumnDef,
   flexRender,
   getCoreRowModel,
   useReactTable,
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   getFilteredRowModel,
   RowSelectionState,
 } from "@tanstack/react-table"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
 
 import {
   Table,
@@ -23,16 +23,23 @@ import {
 } from "@/shared/components/ui/table"
 import { Button } from "@/shared/components/ui/button"
 import { ChevronLeft, ChevronRight } from "lucide-react"
+import { Exam } from "../types"
+import { createExamColumns } from "./exam-columns"
 
-interface DataTableProps<TData, TValue> {
-  columns: ColumnDef<TData, TValue>[]
-  data: TData[]
+interface DataTableProps {
+  data: Exam[]
 }
 
-export function ExamDataTable<TData, TValue>({ columns, data }: DataTableProps<TData, TValue>) {
+export function ExamDataTable({ data }: DataTableProps) {
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
   const [sorting, setSorting] = React.useState<SortingState>([])
   const [rowSelection, setRowSelection] = React.useState<RowSelectionState>({})
 
+  const columns = React.useMemo(
+    () => createExamColumns((key, params) => t(key, params as Record<string, string | number | Date> | undefined)),
+    [t]
+  )
+
   const table = useReactTable({
     data,
     columns,
@@ -81,7 +88,7 @@ export function ExamDataTable<TData, TValue>({ columns, data }: DataTableProps<T
             ) : (
               <TableRow>
                 <TableCell colSpan={columns.length} className="h-24 text-center">
-                  No results.
+                  {t("common.noResults")}
                 </TableCell>
               </TableRow>
             )}
@@ -90,14 +97,13 @@ export function ExamDataTable<TData, TValue>({ columns, data }: DataTableProps<T
       </div>
       <div className="flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-4">
         <div className="flex-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-          {table.getFilteredSelectedRowModel().rows.length} of {table.getFilteredRowModel().rows.length} row(s)
-          selected.
+          {table.getFilteredSelectedRowModel().rows.length} {t("common.of")} {table.getFilteredRowModel().rows.length} {t("common.rows")} {t("common.selected")}.
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center space-x-6 lg:space-x-8">
           <div className="flex items-center space-x-2">
-            <p className="text-sm font-medium">Page</p>
+            <p className="text-sm font-medium">{t("common.page")}</p>
             <span className="text-sm font-medium">
-              {table.getState().pagination.pageIndex + 1} of {table.getPageCount()}
+              {table.getState().pagination.pageIndex + 1} {t("common.of")} {table.getPageCount()}
             </span>
           </div>
           <div className="flex items-center space-x-2">
@@ -107,7 +113,7 @@ export function ExamDataTable<TData, TValue>({ columns, data }: DataTableProps<T
               onClick={() => table.previousPage()}
               disabled={!table.getCanPreviousPage()}
             >
-              <span className="sr-only">Go to previous page</span>
+              <span className="sr-only">{t("common.page")}</span>
               <ChevronLeft className="h-4 w-4" />
             </Button>
             <Button
@@ -116,7 +122,7 @@ export function ExamDataTable<TData, TValue>({ columns, data }: DataTableProps<T
               onClick={() => table.nextPage()}
               disabled={!table.getCanNextPage()}
             >
-              <span className="sr-only">Go to next page</span>
+              <span className="sr-only">{t("common.page")}</span>
               <ChevronRight className="h-4 w-4" />
             </Button>
           </div>
@@ -125,4 +131,3 @@ export function ExamDataTable<TData, TValue>({ columns, data }: DataTableProps<T
     </div>
   )
 }
-
diff --git a/src/modules/homework/actions.ts b/src/modules/homework/actions.ts
index 99e4f0e..03ad5b7 100644
--- a/src/modules/homework/actions.ts
+++ b/src/modules/homework/actions.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   getActiveClassStudentIdsForHomework,
   getClassTeacherById,
   getExamWithQuestionsForHomework,
+  getHomeworkSubmissionForGrading,
   getHomeworkSubmissionForPermission,
   getTeacherAssignedSubjectIds,
   gradeHomeworkAnswers,
@@ -71,20 +72,29 @@ export async function createHomeworkAssignmentAction(
     const classRow = await getClassTeacherById(input.classId)
     if (!classRow) return { success: false, message: "Class not found" }
 
-    const exam = await getExamWithQuestionsForHomework(input.sourceExamId)
-    if (!exam) return { success: false, message: "Exam not found" }
+    // 快速作业模式：无 sourceExamId 时创建纯文本作业（无题目）
+    const isQuickAssignment = !input.sourceExamId
+
+    let exam: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getExamWithQuestionsForHomework>> = null
+    if (!isQuickAssignment) {
+      const examData = await getExamWithQuestionsForHomework(input.sourceExamId!)
+      if (!examData) return { success: false, message: "Exam not found" }
+      exam = examData
+    }
 
     if (ctx.dataScope.type !== "all" && classRow.teacherId !== ctx.userId) {
       const assignedSubjectIds = await getTeacherAssignedSubjectIds(input.classId, ctx.userId)
       if (assignedSubjectIds.length === 0) {
         return { success: false, message: "Not assigned to this class" }
       }
-      const assignedSubjectSet = new Set(assignedSubjectIds)
-      if (!exam.subjectId) {
-        return { success: false, message: "Exam subject not set" }
-      }
-      if (!assignedSubjectSet.has(exam.subjectId)) {
-        return { success: false, message: "Not assigned to this subject" }
+      if (!isQuickAssignment && exam) {
+        const assignedSubjectSet = new Set(assignedSubjectIds)
+        if (!exam.subjectId) {
+          return { success: false, message: "Exam subject not set" }
+        }
+        if (!assignedSubjectSet.has(exam.subjectId)) {
+          return { success: false, message: "Not assigned to this subject" }
+        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -112,10 +122,10 @@ export async function createHomeworkAssignmentAction(
 
     await createHomeworkAssignment({
       assignmentId,
-      sourceExamId: input.sourceExamId,
-      title: input.title?.trim().length ? input.title.trim() : exam.title,
+      sourceExamId: input.sourceExamId ?? null,
+      title: input.title?.trim().length ? input.title.trim() : (exam?.title ?? "Untitled Assignment"),
       description: input.description ?? null,
-      structure: exam.structure,
+      structure: exam?.structure ?? [],
       status: publish ? "published" : "draft",
       creatorId: ctx.userId,
       availableAt,
@@ -124,7 +134,7 @@ export async function createHomeworkAssignmentAction(
       lateDueAt,
       maxAttempts: input.maxAttempts ?? 1,
       publish,
-      questions: exam.questions,
+      questions: exam?.questions ?? [],
       targetStudentIds,
     })
 
@@ -242,7 +252,7 @@ export async function gradeHomeworkSubmissionAction(
   formData: FormData
 ): Promise<ActionState<string>> {
   try {
-    await requirePermission(Permissions.HOMEWORK_GRADE)
+    const ctx = await requirePermission(Permissions.HOMEWORK_GRADE)
 
     const rawAnswersValue = formData.get("answersJson")
     const rawAnswers = typeof rawAnswersValue === "string" ? rawAnswersValue : null
@@ -261,6 +271,18 @@ export async function gradeHomeworkSubmissionAction(
 
     const { submissionId, answers } = parsed.data
 
+    // 权限二次校验：非管理员仅可批改自己创建的作业提交
+    // 管理员（dataScope.type === "all"）可批改所有提交
+    if (ctx.dataScope.type !== "all") {
+      const submissionForGrading = await getHomeworkSubmissionForGrading(submissionId)
+      if (!submissionForGrading) {
+        return { success: false, message: "Submission not found" }
+      }
+      if (submissionForGrading.creatorId !== ctx.userId) {
+        return { success: false, message: "You can only grade submissions for your own assignments" }
+      }
+    }
+
     await gradeHomeworkAnswers(
       submissionId,
       answers.map((ans) => ({
diff --git a/src/modules/homework/components/homework-assignment-form.tsx b/src/modules/homework/components/homework-assignment-form.tsx
index e7496b5..02cf158 100644
--- a/src/modules/homework/components/homework-assignment-form.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/homework/components/homework-assignment-form.tsx
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import { useFormStatus } from "react-dom"
 import { toast } from "sonner"
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation"
 import { useSearchParams } from "next/navigation"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
+import { FileText, FileQuestion } from "lucide-react"
 
 import { Card, CardContent, CardFooter, CardHeader, CardTitle } from "@/shared/components/ui/card"
 import { Button } from "@/shared/components/ui/button"
@@ -12,6 +14,7 @@ import { Input } from "@/shared/components/ui/input"
 import { Label } from "@/shared/components/ui/label"
 import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from "@/shared/components/ui/select"
 import { Textarea } from "@/shared/components/ui/textarea"
+import { cn } from "@/shared/lib/utils"
 
 import { createHomeworkAssignmentAction } from "../actions"
 import type { TeacherClass } from "@/modules/classes/types"
@@ -20,9 +23,10 @@ type ExamOption = { id: string; title: string }
 
 function SubmitButton() {
   const { pending } = useFormStatus()
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
   return (
     <Button type="submit" disabled={pending}>
-      {pending ? "Creating..." : "Create Assignment"}
+      {pending ? t("homework.form.submitting") : t("homework.form.submit")}
     </Button>
   )
 }
@@ -30,7 +34,9 @@ function SubmitButton() {
 export function HomeworkAssignmentForm({ exams, classes }: { exams: ExamOption[]; classes: TeacherClass[] }) {
   const router = useRouter()
   const searchParams = useSearchParams()
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
 
+  const [mode, setMode] = useState<"exam" | "quick">(exams.length > 0 ? "exam" : "quick")
   const initialExamId = useMemo(() => exams[0]?.id ?? "", [exams])
   const [examId, setExamId] = useState<string>(initialExamId)
   const initialClassId = useMemo(() => {
@@ -40,43 +46,100 @@ export function HomeworkAssignmentForm({ exams, classes }: { exams: ExamOption[]
   }, [classes, searchParams])
   const [classId, setClassId] = useState<string>(initialClassId)
   const [allowLate, setAllowLate] = useState<boolean>(false)
+  const [isSubmitting, setIsSubmitting] = useState(false)
 
   const handleSubmit = async (formData: FormData) => {
-    if (!examId) {
-      toast.error("Please select an exam")
+    if (mode === "exam" && !examId) {
+      toast.error(t("homework.form.selectExamRequired"))
+      return
+    }
+    if (mode === "quick" && !formData.get("title")) {
+      toast.error(t("homework.form.titleRequired"))
       return
     }
     if (!classId) {
-      toast.error("Please select a class")
+      toast.error(t("homework.form.selectClassRequired"))
       return
     }
-    formData.set("sourceExamId", examId)
+
+    if (mode === "exam") {
+      formData.set("sourceExamId", examId)
+    } else {
+      formData.delete("sourceExamId")
+    }
     formData.set("classId", classId)
     formData.set("allowLate", allowLate ? "true" : "false")
     formData.set("publish", "true")
 
+    setIsSubmitting(true)
     const result = await createHomeworkAssignmentAction(null, formData)
+    setIsSubmitting(false)
     if (result.success) {
       toast.success(result.message)
       router.push("/teacher/homework/assignments")
     } else {
-      toast.error(result.message || "Failed to create")
+      toast.error(result.message || t("homework.form.createFailed"))
     }
   }
 
   return (
-    <Card>
+    <Card className="relative">
+      {isSubmitting && (
+        <div className="absolute inset-0 z-10 flex items-center justify-center rounded-lg bg-background/60 backdrop-blur-sm">
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-medium">
+            <div className="h-4 w-4 animate-spin rounded-full border-2 border-primary border-t-transparent" />
+            {t("homework.form.creating")}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
       <CardHeader>
-        <CardTitle>Create Assignment</CardTitle>
+        <CardTitle>{t("homework.form.createTitle")}</CardTitle>
       </CardHeader>
       <CardContent>
         <form action={handleSubmit} className="space-y-6">
+          {/* 模式切换 */}
+          <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => setMode("quick")}
+              className={cn(
+                "flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md border p-3 text-left transition-colors",
+                mode === "quick"
+                  ? "border-primary bg-primary/5 text-primary"
+                  : "border-border hover:bg-muted/50"
+              )}
+            >
+              <FileText className="h-4 w-4 shrink-0" aria-hidden="true" />
+              <div>
+                <div className="text-sm font-medium">{t("homework.form.quickMode")}</div>
+                <div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("homework.form.quickModeDescription")}</div>
+              </div>
+            </button>
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => setMode("exam")}
+              disabled={exams.length === 0}
+              className={cn(
+                "flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md border p-3 text-left transition-colors disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50",
+                mode === "exam"
+                  ? "border-primary bg-primary/5 text-primary"
+                  : "border-border hover:bg-muted/50"
+              )}
+            >
+              <FileQuestion className="h-4 w-4 shrink-0" aria-hidden="true" />
+              <div>
+                <div className="text-sm font-medium">{t("homework.form.examMode")}</div>
+                <div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("homework.form.examModeDescription")}</div>
+              </div>
+            </button>
+          </div>
+
           <div className="grid grid-cols-1 gap-4 md:grid-cols-2">
             <div className="grid gap-2 md:col-span-2">
-              <Label>Class</Label>
+              <Label>{t("homework.form.class")}</Label>
               <Select value={classId} onValueChange={setClassId}>
                 <SelectTrigger>
-                  <SelectValue placeholder="Select a class" />
+                  <SelectValue placeholder={t("homework.form.selectClass")} />
                 </SelectTrigger>
                 <SelectContent>
                   {classes.map((c) => (
@@ -89,40 +152,54 @@ export function HomeworkAssignmentForm({ exams, classes }: { exams: ExamOption[]
               <input type="hidden" name="classId" value={classId} />
             </div>
 
+            {mode === "exam" && (
+              <div className="grid gap-2 md:col-span-2">
+                <Label>{t("homework.form.sourceExam")}</Label>
+                <Select value={examId} onValueChange={setExamId}>
+                  <SelectTrigger>
+                    <SelectValue placeholder={t("homework.form.selectExam")} />
+                  </SelectTrigger>
+                  <SelectContent>
+                    {exams.map((e) => (
+                      <SelectItem key={e.id} value={e.id}>
+                        {e.title}
+                      </SelectItem>
+                    ))}
+                  </SelectContent>
+                </Select>
+                <input type="hidden" name="sourceExamId" value={examId} />
+              </div>
+            )}
+
             <div className="grid gap-2 md:col-span-2">
-              <Label>Source Exam</Label>
-              <Select value={examId} onValueChange={setExamId}>
-                <SelectTrigger>
-                  <SelectValue placeholder="Select an exam" />
-                </SelectTrigger>
-                <SelectContent>
-                  {exams.map((e) => (
-                    <SelectItem key={e.id} value={e.id}>
-                      {e.title}
-                    </SelectItem>
-                  ))}
-                </SelectContent>
-              </Select>
-              <input type="hidden" name="sourceExamId" value={examId} />
+              <Label htmlFor="title">
+                {t("homework.form.assignmentTitle")} {mode === "quick" && <span className="text-destructive">*</span>}
+              </Label>
+              <Input
+                id="title"
+                name="title"
+                placeholder={mode === "exam" ? t("homework.form.titlePlaceholderExam") : t("homework.form.titlePlaceholderQuick")}
+                required={mode === "quick"}
+              />
             </div>
 
             <div className="grid gap-2 md:col-span-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="title">Assignment Title (optional)</Label>
-              <Input id="title" name="title" placeholder="Defaults to exam title" />
-            </div>
-
-            <div className="grid gap-2 md:col-span-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="description">Description (optional)</Label>
-              <Textarea id="description" name="description" className="min-h-[80px]" />
+              <Label htmlFor="description">{t("homework.form.description")}</Label>
+              <Textarea
+                id="description"
+                name="description"
+                className="min-h-[80px]"
+                placeholder={mode === "quick" ? t("homework.form.descriptionPlaceholderQuick") : undefined}
+              />
             </div>
 
             <div className="grid gap-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="availableAt">Available At (optional)</Label>
+              <Label htmlFor="availableAt">{t("homework.form.availableAt")}</Label>
               <Input id="availableAt" name="availableAt" type="datetime-local" />
             </div>
 
             <div className="grid gap-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="dueAt">Due At (optional)</Label>
+              <Label htmlFor="dueAt">{t("homework.form.dueAt")}</Label>
               <Input id="dueAt" name="dueAt" type="datetime-local" />
             </div>
 
@@ -133,29 +210,19 @@ export function HomeworkAssignmentForm({ exams, classes }: { exams: ExamOption[]
                 checked={allowLate}
                 onChange={(e) => setAllowLate(e.target.checked)}
               />
-              <Label htmlFor="allowLate">Allow late submissions</Label>
+              <Label htmlFor="allowLate">{t("homework.form.allowLate")}</Label>
               <input type="hidden" name="allowLate" value={allowLate ? "true" : "false"} />
             </div>
 
             <div className="grid gap-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="lateDueAt">Late Due At (optional)</Label>
+              <Label htmlFor="lateDueAt">{t("homework.form.lateDueAt")}</Label>
               <Input id="lateDueAt" name="lateDueAt" type="datetime-local" />
             </div>
 
             <div className="grid gap-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="maxAttempts">Max Attempts</Label>
+              <Label htmlFor="maxAttempts">{t("homework.form.maxAttempts")}</Label>
               <Input id="maxAttempts" name="maxAttempts" type="number" min={1} max={20} defaultValue={1} />
             </div>
-
-            <div className="grid gap-2 md:col-span-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="targetStudentIdsText">Target student IDs (optional)</Label>
-              <Textarea
-                id="targetStudentIdsText"
-                name="targetStudentIdsText"
-                placeholder="Optional. If provided, targets will be limited to students in the selected class."
-                className="min-h-[90px]"
-              />
-            </div>
           </div>
 
           <CardFooter className="justify-end">
diff --git a/src/modules/homework/components/homework-grading-view.tsx b/src/modules/homework/components/homework-grading-view.tsx
index d1b12a0..a852513 100644
--- a/src/modules/homework/components/homework-grading-view.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/homework/components/homework-grading-view.tsx
@@ -2,15 +2,16 @@
 
 import { useState } from "react"
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
 import { toast } from "sonner"
-import { 
-  Check, 
-  MessageSquarePlus, 
-  X, 
-  ChevronLeft, 
-  ChevronRight, 
-  Save, 
-  User, 
+import {
+  Check,
+  MessageSquarePlus,
+  X,
+  ChevronLeft,
+  ChevronRight,
+  Save,
+  User,
   AlertCircle,
   Clock
 } from "lucide-react"
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ import { ScrollArea } from "@/shared/components/ui/scroll-area"
 import { Separator } from "@/shared/components/ui/separator"
 import { Tooltip, TooltipContent, TooltipTrigger } from "@/shared/components/ui/tooltip"
 import { gradeHomeworkSubmissionAction } from "../actions"
+import { formatDate } from "@/shared/lib/utils"
 
 const isRecord = (v: unknown): v is Record<string, unknown> => typeof v === "object" && v !== null
 
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
   submittedAt,
 }: HomeworkGradingViewProps) {
   const router = useRouter()
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
   const [answers, setAnswers] = useState(() => applyAutoGrades(initialAnswers))
   const [isSubmitting, setIsSubmitting] = useState(false)
   
@@ -129,11 +132,11 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
     const result = await gradeHomeworkSubmissionAction(null, formData)
 
     if (result.success) {
-      toast.success("Grading saved successfully")
+      toast.success(t("homework.grade.gradesSaved"))
       // Optionally redirect or stay
-      router.refresh() 
+      router.refresh()
     } else {
-      toast.error(result.message || "Failed to save grading")
+      toast.error(result.message || t("homework.grade.gradesSaveFailed"))
     }
     setIsSubmitting(false)
   }
@@ -167,11 +170,11 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                           {ans.questionType.replace("_", " ")}
                         </span>
                         {isAutoGradable(ans) && (
-                          <Badge variant="secondary" className="text-[10px] h-5">Auto-graded</Badge>
+                          <Badge variant="secondary" className="text-[10px] h-5">{t("homework.grade.autoGraded")}</Badge>
                         )}
                       </div>
                       <CardTitle className="text-base font-medium leading-relaxed pt-2">
-                        {ans.questionContent?.text || "No question text"}
+                        {ans.questionContent?.text || t("homework.grade.noQuestionText")}
                       </CardTitle>
                     </div>
                     <div className="flex flex-col items-end gap-1">
@@ -188,7 +191,7 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                   {/* Student Answer Display */}
                   <div className="space-y-3">
                     <Label className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider flex items-center gap-2">
-                      <User className="h-3 w-3" /> Student Answer
+                      <User className="h-3 w-3" /> {t("homework.grade.studentAnswer")}
                     </Label>
                     
                     <div className="rounded-md border bg-background p-4 shadow-sm">
@@ -250,10 +253,10 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                   {ans.questionType === "text" && (
                     <div className="space-y-2">
                        <Label className="text-xs font-semibold text-emerald-600/90 uppercase tracking-wider flex items-center gap-2">
-                         <Check className="h-3 w-3" /> Reference Answer
+                         <Check className="h-3 w-3" /> {t("homework.grade.referenceAnswer")}
                        </Label>
                        <div className="rounded-md border border-emerald-200 bg-emerald-50/30 p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground dark:border-emerald-900/50 dark:bg-emerald-950/10">
-                         {getTextCorrectAnswers(ans.questionContent).join(" / ") || "No reference answer provided."}
+                         {getTextCorrectAnswers(ans.questionContent).join(" / ") || t("homework.grade.noReferenceAnswer")}
                        </div>
                     </div>
                   )}
@@ -270,7 +273,7 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                             className={getCorrectnessState(ans) === "correct" ? "bg-emerald-600 hover:bg-emerald-700 text-white border-transparent" : "text-muted-foreground hover:text-emerald-600 hover:border-emerald-200"}
                             onClick={() => handleMarkCorrect(ans.id)}
                           >
-                            <Check className="mr-1 h-4 w-4" /> Correct
+                            <Check className="mr-1 h-4 w-4" /> {t("homework.grade.correctButton")}
                           </Button>
                           <Button
                             variant={getCorrectnessState(ans) === "incorrect" ? "destructive" : "outline"}
@@ -278,14 +281,14 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                             className={getCorrectnessState(ans) === "incorrect" ? "" : "text-muted-foreground hover:text-red-600 hover:border-red-200"}
                             onClick={() => handleMarkIncorrect(ans.id)}
                           >
-                            <X className="mr-1 h-4 w-4" /> Incorrect
+                            <X className="mr-1 h-4 w-4" /> {t("homework.grade.incorrectButton")}
                           </Button>
                         </div>
 
                         <Separator orientation="vertical" className="h-6 hidden sm:block" />
 
                         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                          <Label htmlFor={`score-${ans.id}`} className="whitespace-nowrap text-sm font-medium">Score:</Label>
+                          <Label htmlFor={`score-${ans.id}`} className="whitespace-nowrap text-sm font-medium">{t("homework.grade.scoreLabel")}:</Label>
                           <Input
                             id={`score-${ans.id}`}
                             type="number"
@@ -307,7 +310,7 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                         onClick={() => setShowFeedbackByAnswerId(prev => ({ ...prev, [ans.id]: !prev[ans.id] }))}
                       >
                         <MessageSquarePlus className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-                        {showFeedbackByAnswerId[ans.id] ? "Hide Feedback" : "Add Feedback"}
+                        {showFeedbackByAnswerId[ans.id] ? t("homework.grade.hideFeedback") : t("homework.grade.addFeedback")}
                       </Button>
                    </div>
 
@@ -315,7 +318,7 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                    {showFeedbackByAnswerId[ans.id] && (
                      <div className="w-full animate-in fade-in slide-in-from-top-2 duration-200">
                        <Textarea
-                         placeholder={`Provide feedback for ${studentName}...`}
+                         placeholder={t("homework.grade.feedbackPlaceholder", { name: studentName })}
                          value={ans.feedback ?? ""}
                          onChange={(e) => handleFeedbackChange(ans.id, e.target.value)}
                          className="min-h-[80px] bg-background"
@@ -333,19 +336,19 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
       <div className="lg:col-span-3 h-full flex flex-col gap-6">
         <Card className="flex flex-col shadow-md border-t-4 border-t-primary">
           <CardHeader className="pb-2">
-            <CardTitle className="text-lg">Grading Summary</CardTitle>
+            <CardTitle className="text-lg">{t("homework.grade.gradingSummary")}</CardTitle>
             <CardDescription>{assignmentTitle}</CardDescription>
           </CardHeader>
           <CardContent className="space-y-6">
             <div className="space-y-1">
               <div className="flex items-center justify-between text-sm">
-                 <span className="text-muted-foreground">Total Score</span>
+                 <span className="text-muted-foreground">{t("homework.grade.totalScore")}</span>
                  <span className="font-bold">{currentTotal} / {maxTotal}</span>
               </div>
               <div className="h-2 w-full overflow-hidden rounded-full bg-secondary">
-                <div 
-                  className="h-full bg-primary transition-all duration-500 ease-in-out" 
-                  style={{ width: `${Math.min(100, Math.max(0, progressPercent))}%` }} 
+                <div
+                  className="h-full bg-primary transition-all duration-500 ease-in-out"
+                  style={{ width: `${Math.min(100, Math.max(0, progressPercent))}%` }}
                 />
               </div>
             </div>
@@ -353,16 +356,16 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
             <div className="space-y-3 pt-2">
               <div className="flex items-center justify-between text-sm">
                 <span className="flex items-center gap-2 text-muted-foreground">
-                  <User className="h-4 w-4" /> Student
+                  <User className="h-4 w-4" /> {t("homework.grade.student")}
                 </span>
                 <span className="font-medium">{studentName}</span>
               </div>
               <div className="flex items-center justify-between text-sm">
                 <span className="flex items-center gap-2 text-muted-foreground">
-                  <Clock className="h-4 w-4" /> Submitted
+                  <Clock className="h-4 w-4" /> {t("homework.grade.submitted")}
                 </span>
                 <span className="font-medium">
-                  {submittedAt ? new Date(submittedAt).toLocaleDateString() : "N/A"}
+                  {submittedAt ? formatDate(submittedAt) : "N/A"}
                 </span>
               </div>
             </div>
@@ -372,15 +375,15 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                  <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-2">
                    <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center rounded-md border bg-emerald-50/50 p-2 dark:bg-emerald-950/20">
                      <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-emerald-600">{correctCount}</span>
-                     <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Correct</span>
+                     <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("homework.grade.correct")}</span>
                    </div>
                    <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center rounded-md border bg-red-50/50 p-2 dark:bg-red-950/20">
                      <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-red-600">{incorrectCount}</span>
-                     <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Incorrect</span>
+                     <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("homework.grade.incorrect")}</span>
                    </div>
                    <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center rounded-md border bg-amber-50/50 p-2 dark:bg-amber-950/20">
                      <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-amber-600">{partialCount}</span>
-                     <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Partial</span>
+                     <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("homework.grade.partial")}</span>
                    </div>
                  </div>
 
@@ -388,7 +391,7 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
 
                  <div>
                    <Label className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider mb-3 block">
-                     Question Status
+                     {t("homework.grade.questionStatus")}
                    </Label>
                    <div className="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2">
                      {answers.map((ans, i) => {
@@ -424,15 +427,15 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                disabled={isSubmitting}
              >
                {isSubmitting ? (
-                 <>Saving...</>
+                 <>{t("homework.grade.saving")}</>
                ) : (
                  <>
-                   <Save className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> Submit Grades
+                   <Save className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("homework.grade.submitGrades")}
                  </>
                )}
-             </Button>
+            </Button>
 
-             <div className="flex w-full items-center justify-between gap-2 pt-2">
+            <div className="flex w-full items-center justify-between gap-2 pt-2">
                 <Tooltip>
                   <TooltipTrigger asChild>
                     <Button
@@ -442,10 +445,10 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                       disabled={!prevSubmissionId}
                       onClick={() => prevSubmissionId && router.push(`/teacher/homework/submissions/${prevSubmissionId}`)}
                     >
-                      <ChevronLeft className="mr-1 h-4 w-4" /> Prev
+                      <ChevronLeft className="mr-1 h-4 w-4" /> {t("homework.grade.prev")}
                     </Button>
                   </TooltipTrigger>
-                  <TooltipContent>Previous Student</TooltipContent>
+                  <TooltipContent>{t("homework.grade.previousStudent")}</TooltipContent>
                 </Tooltip>
 
                 <Tooltip>
@@ -457,10 +460,10 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
                       disabled={!nextSubmissionId}
                       onClick={() => nextSubmissionId && router.push(`/teacher/homework/submissions/${nextSubmissionId}`)}
                     >
-                      Next <ChevronRight className="ml-1 h-4 w-4" />
+                      {t("homework.grade.next")} <ChevronRight className="ml-1 h-4 w-4" />
                     </Button>
                   </TooltipTrigger>
-                  <TooltipContent>Next Student</TooltipContent>
+                  <TooltipContent>{t("homework.grade.nextStudent")}</TooltipContent>
                 </Tooltip>
              </div>
           </CardFooter>
@@ -470,7 +473,7 @@ export function HomeworkGradingView({
            <div className="flex items-start gap-2">
              <AlertCircle className="h-4 w-4 mt-0.5 shrink-0" />
              <p>
-               Grades are saved automatically when you click Submit. Students will see their grades and feedback immediately after you submit.
+               {t("homework.grade.gradesAutoSaveNote")}
              </p>
            </div>
         </div>
diff --git a/src/modules/homework/components/homework-take-view.tsx b/src/modules/homework/components/homework-take-view.tsx
index dedfa19..74f5e4b 100644
--- a/src/modules/homework/components/homework-take-view.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/homework/components/homework-take-view.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from "react"
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation"
 import Link from "next/link"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
 import { toast } from "sonner"
 import { RadioGroup, RadioGroupItem } from "@/shared/components/ui/radio-group"
 
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ type HomeworkTakeViewProps = {
 
 export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeViewProps) {
   const router = useRouter()
+  const t = useTranslations("examHomework")
   const [submissionId, setSubmissionId] = useState<string | null>(initialData.submission?.id ?? null)
   const [submissionStatus, setSubmissionStatus] = useState<string>(initialData.submission?.status ?? "not_started")
   const [isBusy, setIsBusy] = useState(false)
@@ -128,10 +130,10 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
     if (res.success && res.data) {
       setSubmissionId(res.data)
       setSubmissionStatus("started")
-      toast.success("Started")
+      toast.success(t("homework.take.startSuccess"))
       router.refresh()
     } else {
-      toast.error(res.message || "Failed to start")
+      toast.error(res.message || t("homework.take.startFailed"))
     }
     setIsBusy(false)
   }
@@ -145,8 +147,8 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
     fd.set("questionId", questionId)
     fd.set("answerJson", JSON.stringify({ answer: payload }))
     const res = await saveHomeworkAnswerAction(null, fd)
-    if (res.success) toast.success("Saved")
-    else toast.error(res.message || "Failed to save")
+    if (res.success) toast.success(t("homework.take.saved"))
+    else toast.error(res.message || t("homework.take.saveFailed"))
     // setIsBusy(false)
   }
 
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
       fd.set("answerJson", JSON.stringify({ answer: payload }))
       const res = await saveHomeworkAnswerAction(null, fd)
       if (!res.success) {
-        toast.error(res.message || "Failed to save")
+        toast.error(res.message || t("homework.take.saveFailed"))
         setIsBusy(false)
         return
       }
@@ -172,11 +174,11 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
     submitFd.set("submissionId", submissionId)
     const submitRes = await submitHomeworkAction(null, submitFd)
     if (submitRes.success) {
-      toast.success("Submitted")
+      toast.success(t("homework.take.submitSuccess"))
       setSubmissionStatus("submitted")
       router.push("/student/learning/assignments")
     } else {
-      toast.error(submitRes.message || "Failed to submit")
+      toast.error(submitRes.message || t("homework.take.submitFailed"))
     }
     setIsBusy(false)
   }
@@ -198,32 +200,32 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
             <Button asChild variant="ghost" size="sm" className="mr-1">
               <Link href="/student/learning/assignments">
                 <ChevronLeft className="mr-1 h-4 w-4" />
-                Back
+                {t("homework.take.back")}
               </Link>
             </Button>
             <div className="flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center rounded-full bg-primary/10">
               <FileText className="h-4 w-4 text-primary" />
             </div>
             <div>
-              <h3 className="font-semibold leading-none">Questions</h3>
+              <h3 className="font-semibold leading-none">{t("homework.take.questions")}</h3>
               <div className="mt-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
                 <Badge variant={submissionStatus === "started" ? "default" : "secondary"} className="h-5 px-1.5 text-[10px] capitalize">
-                  {submissionStatus === "not_started" ? "Not Started" : submissionStatus}
+                  {submissionStatus === "not_started" ? t("homework.take.notStarted") : submissionStatus}
                 </Badge>
                 <span>•</span>
-                <span>{initialData.questions.length} Questions</span>
+                <span>{initialData.questions.length} {t("homework.take.questions")}</span>
               </div>
             </div>
           </div>
-          
+
           {!canEdit ? (
             <Button onClick={handleStart} disabled={isBusy} size="sm">
-              {isBusy ? "Starting..." : "Start Assignment"}
+              {isBusy ? t("homework.take.starting") : t("homework.take.startAssignment")}
             </Button>
           ) : (
             <Button onClick={() => setShowSubmitConfirm(true)} disabled={isBusy} size="sm">
               <CheckCircle2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-              {isBusy ? "Submitting..." : "Submit Assignment"}
+              {isBusy ? t("homework.take.submitting") : t("homework.take.submitAssignment")}
             </Button>
           )}
         </div>
@@ -235,12 +237,12 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
                 <div className="h-12 w-12 rounded-full bg-muted flex items-center justify-center mb-4">
                   <Clock className="h-6 w-6 text-muted-foreground" />
                 </div>
-                <h3 className="text-lg font-medium">Ready to start?</h3>
+                <h3 className="text-lg font-medium">{t("homework.take.readyToStart")}</h3>
                 <p className="text-muted-foreground max-w-sm mt-2 mb-6">
-                  Click the &quot;Start Assignment&quot; button above to begin. Your answers will be saved when you click &quot;Save Answer&quot;.
+                  {t("homework.take.readyDescription")}
                 </p>
                 <Button onClick={handleStart} disabled={isBusy}>
-                  Start Now
+                  {t("homework.take.startNow")}
                 </Button>
               </div>
             )}
@@ -256,10 +258,10 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
                     <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-4">
                       <div className="space-y-1">
                         <CardTitle className="text-base font-medium">
-                          Question {idx + 1}
+                          {t("homework.take.question", { index: idx + 1 })}
                         </CardTitle>
                         <CardDescription className="text-xs">
-                          {q.questionType.replace("_", " ").replace(/\b\w/g, l => l.toUpperCase())} • {q.maxScore} points
+                          {q.questionType.replace("_", " ").replace(/\b\w/g, l => l.toUpperCase())} • {q.maxScore} {t("homework.take.points")}
                         </CardDescription>
                       </div>
                     </div>
@@ -269,9 +271,9 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
 
                     {q.questionType === "text" ? (
                       <div className="grid gap-2">
-                        <Label className="sr-only">Your answer</Label>
+                        <Label className="sr-only">{t("homework.take.yourAnswer")}</Label>
                         <Textarea
-                          placeholder="Type your answer here..."
+                          placeholder={t("homework.take.answerPlaceholder")}
                           value={typeof value === "string" ? value : ""}
                           onChange={(e) =>
                             setAnswersByQuestionId((prev) => ({
@@ -298,11 +300,11 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
                         >
                           <div className="flex items-center space-x-2 rounded-md border p-3 hover:bg-muted/50 transition-colors">
                             <RadioGroupItem value="true" id={`${q.questionId}-true`} />
-                            <Label htmlFor={`${q.questionId}-true`} className="flex-1 cursor-pointer font-normal">True</Label>
+                            <Label htmlFor={`${q.questionId}-true`} className="flex-1 cursor-pointer font-normal">{t("homework.take.true")}</Label>
                           </div>
                           <div className="flex items-center space-x-2 rounded-md border p-3 hover:bg-muted/50 transition-colors">
                             <RadioGroupItem value="false" id={`${q.questionId}-false`} />
-                            <Label htmlFor={`${q.questionId}-false`} className="flex-1 cursor-pointer font-normal">False</Label>
+                            <Label htmlFor={`${q.questionId}-false`} className="flex-1 cursor-pointer font-normal">{t("homework.take.false")}</Label>
                           </div>
                         </RadioGroup>
                       </div>
@@ -362,20 +364,20 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
                         </div>
                       </div>
                     ) : (
-                      <div className="text-sm text-muted-foreground italic">Unsupported question type</div>
+                      <div className="text-sm text-muted-foreground italic">{t("homework.take.unsupportedType")}</div>
                     )}
 
                     {submissionStatus === "graded" && (
                       <div className="mt-6 rounded-md bg-muted/40 p-4 border border-border/50">
                         {q.feedback ? (
                           <div className="text-sm space-y-1">
-                            <div className="font-medium text-foreground">Teacher Feedback</div>
+                            <div className="font-medium text-foreground">{t("homework.take.teacherFeedback")}</div>
                             <div className="text-muted-foreground bg-background p-2 rounded border border-border/50">
                               {q.feedback}
                             </div>
                           </div>
                         ) : (
-                          <div className="text-sm text-muted-foreground italic">No specific feedback provided.</div>
+                          <div className="text-sm text-muted-foreground italic">{t("homework.take.noFeedback")}</div>
                         )}
                       </div>
                     )}
@@ -390,7 +392,7 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
                           className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
                         >
                           <Save className="mr-2 h-3 w-3" />
-                          Save Answer
+                          {t("homework.take.saveAnswer")}
                         </Button>
                       </div>
                     ) : null}
@@ -404,22 +406,22 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
 
       <div className="lg:col-span-3 flex flex-col h-full overflow-hidden rounded-md border bg-card">
         <div className="border-b p-4 bg-muted/30">
-          <h3 className="font-semibold">Assignment Info</h3>
+          <h3 className="font-semibold">{t("homework.take.assignmentInfo")}</h3>
         </div>
         <div className="flex-1 p-4 overflow-y-auto">
           <div className="space-y-6">
             <div>
-              <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">Status</Label>
+              <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">{t("homework.take.status")}</Label>
               <div className="mt-1 flex items-center gap-2">
                 <Badge variant={submissionStatus === "started" ? "default" : "outline"} className="capitalize">
-                  {submissionStatus === "not_started" ? "not started" : submissionStatus}
+                  {submissionStatus === "not_started" ? t("homework.take.notStarted") : submissionStatus}
                 </Badge>
               </div>
             </div>
 
             {dueAt && (
               <div>
-                <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">Due Date</Label>
+                <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">{t("homework.take.dueDate")}</Label>
                 <div className={cn(
                   "mt-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-medium",
                   isOverdue ? "text-destructive" : isUrgent ? "text-orange-500" : "text-foreground"
@@ -428,11 +430,13 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
                   <span>{formatDate(dueAt)}</span>
                 </div>
                 {isOverdue && (
-                  <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-destructive">Overdue</p>
+                  <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-destructive">{t("homework.take.overdue")}</p>
                 )}
                 {isUrgent && !isOverdue && hoursUntilDue !== null && (
                   <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-orange-500">
-                    {hoursUntilDue === 0 ? "Less than 1 hour left" : `${hoursUntilDue} hour${hoursUntilDue === 1 ? "" : "s"} left`}
+                    {hoursUntilDue === 0
+                      ? t("homework.take.lessThanOneHour")
+                      : t("homework.take.hoursLeft", { hours: hoursUntilDue })}
                   </p>
                 )}
               </div>
@@ -440,33 +444,33 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
 
             {maxAttempts > 0 && (
               <div>
-                <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">Attempts</Label>
+                <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">{t("homework.take.attempts")}</Label>
                 <div className="mt-1 text-sm">
                   <span className="font-medium">{attemptsUsed}</span>
-                  <span className="text-muted-foreground"> / {maxAttempts} used</span>
+                  <span className="text-muted-foreground"> {t("homework.take.attemptsUsed", { used: attemptsUsed, max: maxAttempts })}</span>
                   {attemptsRemaining > 0 && (
-                    <span className="text-muted-foreground"> · {attemptsRemaining} remaining</span>
+                    <span className="text-muted-foreground"> {t("homework.take.attemptsRemaining", { remaining: attemptsRemaining })}</span>
                   )}
                 </div>
               </div>
             )}
-            
+
             <div>
-              <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">Description</Label>
+              <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">{t("homework.take.description")}</Label>
               <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground leading-relaxed">
-                {initialData.assignment.description || "No description provided."}
+                {initialData.assignment.description || t("homework.take.noDescription")}
               </p>
             </div>
 
             {showQuestions && (
               <div>
-                <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">Progress</Label>
+                <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">{t("homework.take.progress")}</Label>
                 <div className="mt-2 grid grid-cols-5 gap-2">
                   {initialData.questions.map((q, i) => {
-                    const hasAnswer = answersByQuestionId[q.questionId]?.answer !== undefined && 
+                    const hasAnswer = answersByQuestionId[q.questionId]?.answer !== undefined &&
                                     answersByQuestionId[q.questionId]?.answer !== "" &&
                                     (Array.isArray(answersByQuestionId[q.questionId]?.answer) ? (answersByQuestionId[q.questionId]?.answer as unknown[]).length > 0 : true)
-                    
+
                     return (
                       <button
                         key={q.questionId}
@@ -479,7 +483,7 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
                           "h-8 w-8 rounded flex items-center justify-center text-xs font-medium border transition-colors hover:opacity-80 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-1",
                           hasAnswer ? "bg-primary text-primary-foreground border-primary" : "bg-background text-muted-foreground border-input"
                         )}
-                        aria-label={`Jump to question ${i + 1}`}
+                        aria-label={t("homework.take.jumpToQuestion", { index: i + 1 })}
                       >
                         {i + 1}
                       </button>
@@ -490,14 +494,14 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
             )}
           </div>
         </div>
-        
+
         {canEdit && (
           <div className="border-t p-4 bg-muted/20">
             <Button className="w-full" onClick={() => setShowSubmitConfirm(true)} disabled={isBusy}>
-              {isBusy ? "Submitting..." : "Submit All"}
+              {isBusy ? t("homework.take.submitting") : t("homework.take.submitAll")}
             </Button>
             <p className="mt-2 text-xs text-center text-muted-foreground">
-              Make sure you have answered all questions.
+              {t("homework.take.makeSureAnswered")}
             </p>
           </div>
         )}
@@ -507,15 +511,15 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
       <AlertDialog open={showSubmitConfirm} onOpenChange={setShowSubmitConfirm}>
         <AlertDialogContent>
           <AlertDialogHeader>
-            <AlertDialogTitle>Confirm Submission</AlertDialogTitle>
+            <AlertDialogTitle>{t("homework.take.confirmSubmit")}</AlertDialogTitle>
             <AlertDialogDescription>
               {unansweredCount > 0
-                ? `You have ${unansweredCount} unanswered question${unansweredCount === 1 ? "" : "s"}. Submitted answers cannot be changed. Are you sure you want to submit?`
-                : "All questions have been answered. Submitted answers cannot be changed. Are you sure you want to submit?"}
+                ? t("homework.take.unansweredWarning", { count: unansweredCount })
+                : t("homework.take.confirmSubmitDescription")}
             </AlertDialogDescription>
           </AlertDialogHeader>
           <AlertDialogFooter>
-            <AlertDialogCancel disabled={isBusy}>Cancel</AlertDialogCancel>
+            <AlertDialogCancel disabled={isBusy}>{t("homework.take.cancel")}</AlertDialogCancel>
             <AlertDialogAction
               disabled={isBusy}
               onClick={(e) => {
@@ -524,7 +528,7 @@ export function HomeworkTakeView({ assignmentId, initialData }: HomeworkTakeView
                 void handleSubmit()
               }}
             >
-              {isBusy ? "Submitting..." : "Confirm Submit"}
+              {isBusy ? t("homework.take.submitting") : t("homework.take.confirmSubmitAction")}
             </AlertDialogAction>
           </AlertDialogFooter>
         </AlertDialogContent>
diff --git a/src/modules/homework/data-access-write.ts b/src/modules/homework/data-access-write.ts
index 557759f..9a3bf79 100644
--- a/src/modules/homework/data-access-write.ts
+++ b/src/modules/homework/data-access-write.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export type HomeworkSubmissionPermissionData = {
 
 export type CreateHomeworkAssignmentData = {
   assignmentId: string
-  sourceExamId: string
+  sourceExamId: string | null
   title: string
   description: string | null
   structure: unknown
@@ -116,6 +116,32 @@ export const getHomeworkSubmissionForPermission = async (
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * 批改权限校验：获取提交记录及其作业的创建者信息
+ * 用于 gradeHomeworkSubmissionAction 校验教师是否有权批改该提交
+ * 返回 null 表示提交记录不存在
+ */
+export const getHomeworkSubmissionForGrading = async (
+  submissionId: string
+): Promise<{
+  id: string
+  assignmentId: string
+  creatorId: string
+  sourceExamId: string | null
+} | null> => {
+  const submission = await db.query.homeworkSubmissions.findFirst({
+    where: eq(homeworkSubmissions.id, submissionId),
+    with: { assignment: true },
+  })
+  if (!submission) return null
+  return {
+    id: submission.id,
+    assignmentId: submission.assignmentId,
+    creatorId: submission.assignment.creatorId,
+    sourceExamId: submission.assignment.sourceExamId,
+  }
+}
+
 // ---- Write functions ----
 
 export const createHomeworkAssignment = async (
diff --git a/src/shared/i18n/messages/en/exam-homework.json b/src/shared/i18n/messages/en/exam-homework.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c35e374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/i18n/messages/en/exam-homework.json
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+{
+  "exam": {
+    "list": {
+      "title": "Exams",
+      "create": "Create Exam",
+      "empty": "No exams yet",
+      "emptyFiltered": "No exams match your filters",
+      "emptyDescription": "Create your first exam to start assigning and grading.",
+      "emptyFilteredDescription": "Try clearing filters or adjusting keywords.",
+      "clearFilters": "Clear filters",
+      "showing": "Showing",
+      "examsUnit": "exams",
+      "searchPlaceholder": "Search exams..."
+    },
+    "form": {
+      "createTitle": "Create Exam",
+      "createDescription": "Configure a new exam for your classes.",
+      "buildTitle": "Build Exam",
+      "buildDescription": "Assemble questions for your exam.",
+      "title": "Exam Title",
+      "subject": "Subject",
+      "grade": "Grade",
+      "difficulty": "Difficulty",
+      "totalScore": "Total Score",
+      "durationMin": "Duration (minutes)",
+      "scheduledAt": "Scheduled At",
+      "questions": "Questions",
+      "missingSubjectOrGrade": "Missing subject or grade configuration",
+      "previewBeforeCreate": "Please preview and confirm before creating",
+      "createSuccess": "Exam draft created",
+      "redirecting": "Redirecting to exam builder...",
+      "createFailed": "Failed to create exam",
+      "loadFormFailed": "Failed to load form data",
+      "loadSubjectsFailed": "Failed to load subjects",
+      "loadGradesFailed": "Failed to load grades"
+    },
+    "status": {
+      "draft": "Draft",
+      "published": "Published",
+      "archived": "Archived"
+    },
+    "difficulty": {
+      "1": "Easy",
+      "2": "Easy-Med",
+      "3": "Medium",
+      "4": "Med-Hard",
+      "5": "Hard"
+    },
+    "actions": {
+      "preview": "Preview Exam",
+      "copyId": "Copy ID",
+      "edit": "Edit",
+      "build": "Build",
+      "duplicate": "Duplicate",
+      "publish": "Publish",
+      "moveToDraft": "Move to Draft",
+      "archive": "Archive",
+      "delete": "Delete",
+      "deleteConfirmTitle": "Are you absolutely sure?",
+      "deleteConfirmDescription": "This action cannot be undone. This will permanently delete the exam \"{{title}}\" and remove all associated data.",
+      "cancel": "Cancel",
+      "deleteSuccess": "Exam deleted successfully",
+      "deleteFailed": "Failed to delete exam",
+      "publishSuccess": "Exam published",
+      "archiveSuccess": "Exam archived",
+      "draftSuccess": "Exam moved to draft",
+      "duplicateSuccess": "Exam duplicated",
+      "duplicateFailed": "Failed to duplicate exam",
+      "updateFailed": "Failed to update exam",
+      "previewFailed": "Failed to load exam preview",
+      "idCopied": "Exam ID copied to clipboard",
+      "openMenu": "Open menu",
+      "selectRow": "Select row",
+      "selectAll": "Select all",
+      "noQuestions": "No questions in this exam.",
+      "loadingPreview": "Loading preview..."
+    },
+    "columns": {
+      "examInfo": "Exam Info",
+      "status": "Status",
+      "stats": "Stats",
+      "difficulty": "Difficulty",
+      "date": "Date",
+      "scheduled": "Scheduled",
+      "created": "Created",
+      "questions": "Qs",
+      "points": "Pts"
+    },
+    "filters": {
+      "status": "Status",
+      "anyStatus": "Any Status",
+      "difficulty": "Difficulty",
+      "anyDifficulty": "Any Difficulty"
+    },
+    "error": {
+      "notFound": "Exam not found",
+      "loadFailed": "Failed to load exam"
+    }
+  },
+  "homework": {
+    "list": {
+      "title": "Assignments",
+      "description": "Manage assignments, view submission rates and grading progress.",
+      "create": "Create Assignment",
+      "empty": "No assignments yet",
+      "emptyFiltered": "No assignments in this class.",
+      "emptyDescription": "You haven't created any assignments yet.",
+      "clearFilters": "Clear filters",
+      "filterByClass": "Filter by class: {{className}}",
+      "columns": {
+        "title": "Title",
+        "status": "Status",
+        "dueAt": "Due Date",
+        "submissionRate": "Submission Rate",
+        "averageScore": "Average Score",
+        "overdue": "Overdue",
+        "sourceExam": "Source Exam",
+        "createdAt": "Created At"
+      },
+      "pagination": {
+        "itemLabel": "assignments"
+      }
+    },
+    "form": {
+      "createTitle": "Create Assignment",
+      "quickMode": "Quick Assignment",
+      "quickModeDescription": "Enter title and description directly, no questions needed",
+      "examMode": "Exam-based Assignment",
+      "examModeDescription": "Derive assignment from an existing exam",
+      "class": "Class",
+      "selectClass": "Select a class",
+      "sourceExam": "Source Exam",
+      "selectExam": "Select an exam",
+      "assignmentTitle": "Assignment Title",
+      "titlePlaceholderQuick": "e.g. Recite Lesson 3",
+      "titlePlaceholderExam": "Defaults to exam title",
+      "description": "Description (optional)",
+      "descriptionPlaceholderQuick": "Enter assignment requirements, question content, or instructions...",
+      "availableAt": "Available At (optional)",
+      "dueAt": "Due At (optional)",
+      "allowLate": "Allow late submissions",
+      "lateDueAt": "Late Due At (optional)",
+      "maxAttempts": "Max Attempts",
+      "submit": "Create Assignment",
+      "submitting": "Creating...",
+      "creating": "Creating assignment...",
+      "selectExamRequired": "Please select an exam",
+      "titleRequired": "Please enter a title",
+      "selectClassRequired": "Please select a class",
+      "createSuccess": "Assignment created",
+      "createFailed": "Failed to create"
+    },
+    "take": {
+      "questions": "Questions",
+      "question": "Question {{index}}",
+      "points": "points",
+      "startAssignment": "Start Assignment",
+      "submitAssignment": "Submit Assignment",
+      "submitAll": "Submit All",
+      "saveAnswer": "Save Answer",
+      "saved": "Saved",
+      "saveFailed": "Failed to save",
+      "starting": "Starting...",
+      "submitting": "Submitting...",
+      "started": "Started",
+      "submitted": "Submitted",
+      "notStarted": "Not Started",
+      "readyToStart": "Ready to start?",
+      "readyDescription": "Click the \"Start Assignment\" button above to begin. Your answers will be saved when you click \"Save Answer\".",
+      "startNow": "Start Now",
+      "back": "Back",
+      "confirmSubmit": "Confirm Submission",
+      "confirmSubmitDescription": "All questions have been answered. Submitted answers cannot be changed. Are you sure you want to submit?",
+      "unansweredWarning": "You have {{count}} unanswered question(s). Submitted answers cannot be changed. Are you sure you want to submit?",
+      "cancel": "Cancel",
+      "confirmSubmitAction": "Confirm Submit",
+      "submitSuccess": "Submitted",
+      "submitFailed": "Failed to submit",
+      "startSuccess": "Started",
+      "startFailed": "Failed to start",
+      "assignmentInfo": "Assignment Info",
+      "status": "Status",
+      "dueDate": "Due Date",
+      "overdue": "Overdue",
+      "hoursLeft": "{{hours}} hour(s) left",
+      "lessThanOneHour": "Less than 1 hour left",
+      "attempts": "Attempts",
+      "attemptsUsed": "{{used}} / {{max}} used",
+      "attemptsRemaining": "· {{remaining}} remaining",
+      "description": "Description",
+      "noDescription": "No description provided.",
+      "progress": "Progress",
+      "jumpToQuestion": "Jump to question {{index}}",
+      "yourAnswer": "Your answer",
+      "answerPlaceholder": "Type your answer here...",
+      "true": "True",
+      "false": "False",
+      "unsupportedType": "Unsupported question type",
+      "teacherFeedback": "Teacher Feedback",
+      "noFeedback": "No specific feedback provided.",
+      "makeSureAnswered": "Make sure you have answered all questions."
+    },
+    "grade": {
+      "title": "Grade",
+      "submissions": "Submissions",
+      "student": "Student",
+      "status": "Status",
+      "submitted": "Submitted",
+      "score": "Score",
+      "action": "Action",
+      "back": "Back",
+      "openAssignment": "Open Assignment",
+      "late": "Late",
+      "targets": "Targets",
+      "submittedCount": "Submitted",
+      "gradedCount": "Graded",
+      "exam": "Exam",
+      "gradingSummary": "Grading Summary",
+      "totalScore": "Total Score",
+      "correct": "Correct",
+      "incorrect": "Incorrect",
+      "partial": "Partial",
+      "questionStatus": "Question Status",
+      "studentAnswer": "Student Answer",
+      "referenceAnswer": "Reference Answer",
+      "noReferenceAnswer": "No reference answer provided.",
+      "noQuestionText": "No question text",
+      "autoGraded": "Auto-graded",
+      "correctButton": "Correct",
+      "incorrectButton": "Incorrect",
+      "scoreLabel": "Score",
+      "addFeedback": "Add Feedback",
+      "hideFeedback": "Hide Feedback",
+      "feedbackPlaceholder": "Provide feedback for {{name}}...",
+      "submitGrades": "Submit Grades",
+      "saving": "Saving...",
+      "gradesSaved": "Grading saved successfully",
+      "gradesSaveFailed": "Failed to save grading",
+      "previousStudent": "Previous Student",
+      "nextStudent": "Next Student",
+      "prev": "Prev",
+      "next": "Next",
+      "gradesAutoSaveNote": "Grades are saved automatically when you click Submit. Students will see their grades and feedback immediately after you submit."
+    },
+    "review": {
+      "title": "Review",
+      "yourAnswer": "Your Answer",
+      "correctAnswer": "Correct Answer",
+      "teacherFeedback": "Teacher Feedback",
+      "score": "Score",
+      "maxScore": "Max Score"
+    },
+    "status": {
+      "draft": "Draft",
+      "published": "Published",
+      "archived": "Archived",
+      "started": "Started",
+      "submitted": "Submitted",
+      "graded": "Graded",
+      "not_started": "Not Started",
+      "in_progress": "In Progress"
+    },
+    "error": {
+      "notFound": "Assignment not found",
+      "submissionNotFound": "Submission not found",
+      "unauthorized": "Unauthorized",
+      "submissionLocked": "Submission is locked",
+      "pastDue": "Past due",
+      "pastLateDue": "Past late due",
+      "noActiveStudents": "No active students in this class",
+      "classNotFound": "Class not found",
+      "examNotFound": "Exam not found",
+      "examSubjectNotSet": "Exam subject not set",
+      "notAssignedToClass": "Not assigned to this class",
+      "notAssignedToSubject": "Not assigned to this subject",
+      "notAssigned": "Not assigned",
+      "notAvailableYet": "Not available yet",
+      "noAttemptsLeft": "No attempts left",
+      "assignmentNotFound": "Assignment not found",
+      "assignmentNotAvailable": "Assignment not available"
+    }
+  },
+  "proctoring": {
+    "mode": {
+      "title": "Exam Mode",
+      "description": "Select exam mode and configure options. Proctored mode enables anti-cheat monitoring.",
+      "homework": "Homework Mode",
+      "timed": "Timed Mode",
+      "proctored": "Proctored Mode",
+      "homeworkDescription": "Students can answer at any time, no time limit",
+      "timedDescription": "Timed answering, auto-submit on timeout",
+      "proctoredDescription": "Timed + anti-cheat + forced fullscreen"
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "duration": "Duration (minutes)",
+      "durationTimedDescription": "Auto-submit after timeout when student starts",
+      "durationProctoredDescription": "Required in proctored mode",
+      "shuffleQuestions": "Shuffle Questions",
+      "shuffleQuestionsDescription": "Each student sees questions in random order",
+      "antiCheat": "Enable Anti-cheat Monitoring",
+      "antiCheatDescription": "Monitor tab switch, copy, right-click, devtools, etc.",
+      "allowLateStart": "Allow Late Start",
+      "allowLateStartDescription": "Allow students to enter within a grace period after exam starts",
+      "lateStartGrace": "Late Start Grace (minutes)",
+      "lateStartGraceDescription": "No new students allowed after this time"
+    },
+    "dashboard": {
+      "title": "Proctoring Dashboard",
+      "summary": "Summary",
+      "students": "Students",
+      "recentEvents": "Recent Events",
+      "noEvents": "No events",
+      "eventCount": "Event Count",
+      "abnormalCount": "Abnormal Count"
+    },
+    "events": {
+      "tab_switch": "Tab Switch",
+      "window_blur": "Window Blur",
+      "copy_attempt": "Copy Attempt",
+      "paste_attempt": "Paste Attempt",
+      "right_click": "Right Click",
+      "devtools_open": "DevTools Open",
+      "fullscreen_exit": "Fullscreen Exit",
+      "idle_timeout": "Idle Timeout"
+    }
+  },
+  "common": {
+    "loading": "Loading...",
+    "save": "Save",
+    "cancel": "Cancel",
+    "confirm": "Confirm",
+    "back": "Back",
+    "edit": "Edit",
+    "delete": "Delete",
+    "create": "Create",
+    "search": "Search",
+    "filter": "Filter",
+    "noResults": "No results",
+    "error": "Error",
+    "success": "Success",
+    "failed": "Failed",
+    "retry": "Retry",
+    "page": "Page",
+    "of": "of",
+    "selected": "selected",
+    "rows": "row(s)",
+    "view": "View",
+    "continue": "Continue",
+    "other": "Other",
+    "completed": "Completed"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/shared/i18n/messages/zh-CN/exam-homework.json b/src/shared/i18n/messages/zh-CN/exam-homework.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61e87fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/i18n/messages/zh-CN/exam-homework.json
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+{
+  "exam": {
+    "list": {
+      "title": "考试列表",
+      "create": "创建考试",
+      "empty": "暂无考试",
+      "emptyFiltered": "没有匹配筛选条件的考试",
+      "emptyDescription": "创建第一份考试，开始布置与批改。",
+      "emptyFilteredDescription": "尝试清除筛选条件或调整关键词。",
+      "clearFilters": "清除筛选",
+      "showing": "显示",
+      "examsUnit": "份考试",
+      "searchPlaceholder": "搜索考试..."
+    },
+    "form": {
+      "createTitle": "创建考试",
+      "createDescription": "为班级配置一份新考试。",
+      "buildTitle": "组卷",
+      "buildDescription": "为考试组装题目。",
+      "title": "考试标题",
+      "subject": "科目",
+      "grade": "年级",
+      "difficulty": "难度",
+      "totalScore": "总分",
+      "durationMin": "考试时长（分钟）",
+      "scheduledAt": "计划时间",
+      "questions": "题目",
+      "missingSubjectOrGrade": "缺少科目或年级配置",
+      "previewBeforeCreate": "请先预览并确认后再创建",
+      "createSuccess": "考试草稿已创建",
+      "redirecting": "正在跳转到组卷页...",
+      "createFailed": "创建考试失败",
+      "loadFormFailed": "加载表单数据失败",
+      "loadSubjectsFailed": "加载科目失败",
+      "loadGradesFailed": "加载年级失败"
+    },
+    "status": {
+      "draft": "草稿",
+      "published": "已发布",
+      "archived": "已归档"
+    },
+    "difficulty": {
+      "1": "简单",
+      "2": "偏易",
+      "3": "中等",
+      "4": "偏难",
+      "5": "困难"
+    },
+    "actions": {
+      "preview": "预览考试",
+      "copyId": "复制 ID",
+      "edit": "编辑",
+      "build": "组卷",
+      "duplicate": "复制",
+      "publish": "发布",
+      "moveToDraft": "移至草稿",
+      "archive": "归档",
+      "delete": "删除",
+      "deleteConfirmTitle": "确定要删除吗？",
+      "deleteConfirmDescription": "此操作不可撤销。将永久删除考试\"{{title}}\"及所有关联数据。",
+      "cancel": "取消",
+      "deleteSuccess": "考试已删除",
+      "deleteFailed": "删除考试失败",
+      "publishSuccess": "考试已发布",
+      "archiveSuccess": "考试已归档",
+      "draftSuccess": "考试已移至草稿",
+      "duplicateSuccess": "考试已复制",
+      "duplicateFailed": "复制考试失败",
+      "updateFailed": "更新考试失败",
+      "previewFailed": "加载考试预览失败",
+      "idCopied": "考试 ID 已复制",
+      "openMenu": "打开菜单",
+      "selectRow": "选择行",
+      "selectAll": "全选",
+      "noQuestions": "此考试暂无题目。",
+      "loadingPreview": "正在加载预览..."
+    },
+    "columns": {
+      "examInfo": "考试信息",
+      "status": "状态",
+      "stats": "统计",
+      "difficulty": "难度",
+      "date": "日期",
+      "scheduled": "已计划",
+      "created": "创建于",
+      "questions": "题",
+      "points": "分"
+    },
+    "filters": {
+      "status": "状态",
+      "anyStatus": "任意状态",
+      "difficulty": "难度",
+      "anyDifficulty": "任意难度"
+    },
+    "error": {
+      "notFound": "考试不存在",
+      "loadFailed": "加载考试失败"
+    }
+  },
+  "homework": {
+    "list": {
+      "title": "作业列表",
+      "description": "管理作业，查看提交率与批改进度。",
+      "create": "创建作业",
+      "empty": "暂无作业",
+      "emptyFiltered": "该班级还没有作业。",
+      "emptyDescription": "您还没有创建任何作业。",
+      "clearFilters": "清除筛选",
+      "filterByClass": "按班级筛选：{{className}}",
+      "columns": {
+        "title": "标题",
+        "status": "状态",
+        "dueAt": "截止时间",
+        "submissionRate": "提交率",
+        "averageScore": "平均分",
+        "overdue": "逾期",
+        "sourceExam": "来源考试",
+        "createdAt": "创建时间"
+      },
+      "pagination": {
+        "itemLabel": "个作业"
+      }
+    },
+    "form": {
+      "createTitle": "创建作业",
+      "quickMode": "快速作业",
+      "quickModeDescription": "直接输入标题和描述，无需建题",
+      "examMode": "考试派生作业",
+      "examModeDescription": "从已有考试派生作业",
+      "class": "班级",
+      "selectClass": "选择班级",
+      "sourceExam": "来源考试",
+      "selectExam": "选择考试",
+      "assignmentTitle": "作业标题",
+      "titlePlaceholderQuick": "例如：背诵第三课课文",
+      "titlePlaceholderExam": "默认使用考试标题",
+      "description": "描述（可选）",
+      "descriptionPlaceholderQuick": "输入作业要求、题目内容或说明...",
+      "availableAt": "开放时间（可选）",
+      "dueAt": "截止时间（可选）",
+      "allowLate": "允许迟交",
+      "lateDueAt": "迟交截止时间（可选）",
+      "maxAttempts": "最大尝试次数",
+      "submit": "创建作业",
+      "submitting": "创建中...",
+      "creating": "正在创建作业...",
+      "selectExamRequired": "请选择考试",
+      "titleRequired": "请输入标题",
+      "selectClassRequired": "请选择班级",
+      "createSuccess": "作业已创建",
+      "createFailed": "创建失败"
+    },
+    "take": {
+      "questions": "题目",
+      "question": "第 {{index}} 题",
+      "points": "分",
+      "startAssignment": "开始作答",
+      "submitAssignment": "提交作业",
+      "submitAll": "全部提交",
+      "saveAnswer": "保存答案",
+      "saved": "已保存",
+      "saveFailed": "保存失败",
+      "starting": "正在开始...",
+      "submitting": "正在提交...",
+      "started": "已开始",
+      "submitted": "已提交",
+      "notStarted": "未开始",
+      "readyToStart": "准备好开始了吗？",
+      "readyDescription": "点击上方\"开始作答\"按钮。点击\"保存答案\"将保存您的答案。",
+      "startNow": "立即开始",
+      "back": "返回",
+      "confirmSubmit": "确认提交",
+      "confirmSubmitDescription": "所有题目已作答。提交后答案不可修改，确定要提交吗？",
+      "unansweredWarning": "您有 {{count}} 道题未作答。提交后答案不可修改，确定要提交吗？",
+      "cancel": "取消",
+      "confirmSubmitAction": "确认提交",
+      "submitSuccess": "已提交",
+      "submitFailed": "提交失败",
+      "startSuccess": "已开始",
+      "startFailed": "开始失败",
+      "assignmentInfo": "作业信息",
+      "status": "状态",
+      "dueDate": "截止时间",
+      "overdue": "已逾期",
+      "hoursLeft": "还剩 {{hours}} 小时",
+      "lessThanOneHour": "不足 1 小时",
+      "attempts": "尝试次数",
+      "attemptsUsed": "已用 {{used}} / {{max}}",
+      "attemptsRemaining": "· 剩余 {{remaining}} 次",
+      "description": "描述",
+      "noDescription": "无描述。",
+      "progress": "进度",
+      "jumpToQuestion": "跳转到第 {{index}} 题",
+      "yourAnswer": "你的答案",
+      "answerPlaceholder": "在此输入答案...",
+      "true": "正确",
+      "false": "错误",
+      "unsupportedType": "不支持的题型",
+      "teacherFeedback": "教师反馈",
+      "noFeedback": "无具体反馈。",
+      "makeSureAnswered": "请确保已作答所有题目。"
+    },
+    "grade": {
+      "title": "批改",
+      "submissions": "提交记录",
+      "student": "学生",
+      "status": "状态",
+      "submitted": "提交时间",
+      "score": "分数",
+      "action": "操作",
+      "back": "返回",
+      "openAssignment": "打开作业",
+      "late": "迟交",
+      "targets": "应交",
+      "submittedCount": "已交",
+      "gradedCount": "已改",
+      "exam": "考试",
+      "gradingSummary": "批改摘要",
+      "totalScore": "总分",
+      "correct": "正确",
+      "incorrect": "错误",
+      "partial": "部分正确",
+      "questionStatus": "题目状态",
+      "studentAnswer": "学生答案",
+      "referenceAnswer": "参考答案",
+      "noReferenceAnswer": "无参考答案。",
+      "noQuestionText": "无题目文本",
+      "autoGraded": "自动判分",
+      "correctButton": "正确",
+      "incorrectButton": "错误",
+      "scoreLabel": "分数",
+      "addFeedback": "添加反馈",
+      "hideFeedback": "隐藏反馈",
+      "feedbackPlaceholder": "为 {{name}} 添加反馈...",
+      "submitGrades": "提交成绩",
+      "saving": "保存中...",
+      "gradesSaved": "批改已保存",
+      "gradesSaveFailed": "保存批改失败",
+      "previousStudent": "上一名学生",
+      "nextStudent": "下一名学生",
+      "prev": "上一页",
+      "next": "下一页",
+      "gradesAutoSaveNote": "点击提交后成绩将自动保存。学生将在您提交后立即看到成绩和反馈。"
+    },
+    "review": {
+      "title": "复习",
+      "yourAnswer": "你的答案",
+      "correctAnswer": "正确答案",
+      "teacherFeedback": "教师反馈",
+      "score": "得分",
+      "maxScore": "满分"
+    },
+    "status": {
+      "draft": "草稿",
+      "published": "已发布",
+      "archived": "已归档",
+      "started": "进行中",
+      "submitted": "已提交",
+      "graded": "已批改",
+      "not_started": "未开始",
+      "in_progress": "进行中"
+    },
+    "error": {
+      "notFound": "作业不存在",
+      "submissionNotFound": "提交记录不存在",
+      "unauthorized": "无权限",
+      "submissionLocked": "提交已锁定",
+      "pastDue": "已过截止时间",
+      "pastLateDue": "已过迟交截止时间",
+      "noActiveStudents": "该班级没有活跃学生",
+      "classNotFound": "班级不存在",
+      "examNotFound": "考试不存在",
+      "examSubjectNotSet": "考试未设置科目",
+      "notAssignedToClass": "未分配到该班级",
+      "notAssignedToSubject": "未分配到该科目",
+      "notAssigned": "未分配该作业",
+      "notAvailableYet": "作业尚未开放",
+      "noAttemptsLeft": "尝试次数已用完",
+      "assignmentNotFound": "作业不存在",
+      "assignmentNotAvailable": "作业不可用"
+    }
+  },
+  "proctoring": {
+    "mode": {
+      "title": "考试模式",
+      "description": "选择考试模式并配置相关选项。监考模式会启用防作弊监控。",
+      "homework": "作业模式",
+      "timed": "限时模式",
+      "proctored": "监考模式",
+      "homeworkDescription": "学生可在任意时间作答，无时间限制",
+      "timedDescription": "限时作答，到时自动提交",
+      "proctoredDescription": "限时作答 + 防作弊监控 + 强制全屏"
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "duration": "考试时长（分钟）",
+      "durationTimedDescription": "学生开始作答后，到时自动提交",
+      "durationProctoredDescription": "监考模式下必须设置考试时长",
+      "shuffleQuestions": "题目乱序",
+      "shuffleQuestionsDescription": "每位学生看到的题目顺序随机",
+      "antiCheat": "启用防作弊监控",
+      "antiCheatDescription": "监听切屏、复制、右键、开发者工具等异常行为",
+      "allowLateStart": "允许迟开始",
+      "allowLateStartDescription": "允许学生在考试开始后一段时间内进入",
+      "lateStartGrace": "迟到宽限时间（分钟）",
+      "lateStartGraceDescription": "超过此时间后不允许新学生进入"
+    },
+    "dashboard": {
+      "title": "监考面板",
+      "summary": "摘要",
+      "students": "学生",
+      "recentEvents": "最近事件",
+      "noEvents": "暂无事件",
+      "eventCount": "事件数",
+      "abnormalCount": "异常数"
+    },
+    "events": {
+      "tab_switch": "切换标签页",
+      "window_blur": "窗口失焦",
+      "copy_attempt": "复制尝试",
+      "paste_attempt": "粘贴尝试",
+      "right_click": "右键点击",
+      "devtools_open": "开发者工具",
+      "fullscreen_exit": "退出全屏",
+      "idle_timeout": "空闲超时"
+    }
+  },
+  "common": {
+    "loading": "加载中...",
+    "save": "保存",
+    "cancel": "取消",
+    "confirm": "确认",
+    "back": "返回",
+    "edit": "编辑",
+    "delete": "删除",
+    "create": "创建",
+    "search": "搜索",
+    "filter": "筛选",
+    "noResults": "无结果",
+    "error": "错误",
+    "success": "成功",
+    "failed": "失败",
+    "retry": "重试",
+    "page": "页",
+    "of": "共",
+    "selected": "已选",
+    "rows": "行",
+    "view": "查看",
+    "continue": "继续",
+    "other": "其他",
+    "completed": "已完成"
+  }
+}