refactor(school,classes): 完成 school/grade/class 审计全量改进项

P0-1/P0-2: 删除 grade-management 死模块，年级 CRUD 统一由 school 模块负责 P0-3: classes/actions.ts 从 974 行拆分为 6 个职责文件 + barrel re-export P0-5: 13 个页面 i18n 全量接入（grades/departments/academic-year/classes/insights） P1-1: 角色硬编码改为 hasAdminScope/hasTeacherScope/hasStudentScope 基于 dataScope.type P1-3: 新增 SchoolErrorBoundary + SchoolListSkeleton/SchoolCardSkeleton，4 个页面包裹 Error Boundary P1-4: classes/types.ts 跨领域类型添加归属决策注释 P1-5: schools-view.tsx 拆分为组合模式（SchoolFormDialog + SchoolDeleteDialog + SchoolListToolbar） P1-6: 新增 getSchoolsForUser/getGradesForUser 权限感知查询函数 P2-1: 抽取 useSchoolData hook，对话框状态管理与 UI 分离同步更新架构图文档 004/005
2026-06-22 18:54:01 +08:00
parent 97e59b95a1
commit 15aa84b72c
29 changed files with 2267 additions and 1380 deletions
--- a/docs/architecture/004_architecture_impact_map.md
+++ b/docs/architecture/004_architecture_impact_map.md
@@ -750,6 +750,9 @@ src/auth.ts ──▶ import { ... } from "@/shared/lib/permissions"
 - ✅ P1-1 已修复：~~`actions.ts` 直查 `grades` 表做权限校验~~ 改为调用 `school/data-access` 函数
 - ✅ P1-1 已修复：~~`getSessionTeacherId` 在 data-access 调用 `auth()`~~ 改为通过 `shared/lib/auth-guard.getAuthContext()` 获取
 - ✅ P2 已修复：`data-access.ts` 中 `idByName.get(name)!` 非空断言清理为 `flatMap` 安全过滤；`data-access-admin.ts` 中同类非空断言清理
+- ✅ P0-3 修复（2026-06-22）：~~`actions.ts` 974 行接近 1000 行硬上限~~ 拆分为 6 个文件（actions-teacher/actions-admin/actions-grade/actions-invitations/actions-schedule/actions-shared），原 `actions.ts` 改为 50 行 barrel re-export
+- ✅ P1-1 修复（2026-06-22）：~~`ctx.roles.includes("admin"/"teacher"/"student")` 角色硬编码~~ 改为 `hasAdminScope(ctx)`/`hasTeacherScope(ctx)`/`hasStudentScope(ctx)` 基于 `dataScope.type` 判断
+- ✅ P1-4 修复（2026-06-22）：`types.ts` 中 ClassHomeworkInsights 等跨领域类型保留在 classes 模块（因为是 classes 对 homework 数据的视图），添加注释说明归属决策

 **文件清单**：
 | 文件 | 行数 | 职责 |
@@ -759,9 +762,15 @@ src/auth.ts ──▶ import { ... } from "@/shared/lib/permissions"
 | `data-access-schedule.ts` | 93 | 课表查询（学生/班级课表只读，P0-5 已修复：写函数已迁移至 scheduling 模块） |
 | `data-access-students.ts` | 253 | 学生相关查询（科目成绩、学生名单、学生班级，通过 homework/data-access-classes 获取数据） |
 | `data-access-admin.ts` | 406 | 管理员班级管理（管理员班级 CRUD、年级管理班级查询） |
-| `actions.ts` | 785 | 17 个 Server Action（三组重复，使用 Zod schema 校验） |
+| `actions.ts` | 50 | Barrel re-export（P0-3 修复：从 974 行拆分为 6 个文件） |
+| `actions-teacher.ts` | 100 | 教师班级 CRUD（3 个 Action） |
+| `actions-admin.ts` | 120 | 管理员班级 CRUD（3 个 Action） |
+| `actions-grade.ts` | 110 | 年级组长班级 CRUD（3 个 Action） |
+| `actions-invitations.ts` | 280 | 邀请码与注册（8 个 Action） |
+| `actions-schedule.ts` | 90 | 班级课表 CRUD（3 个 Action） |
+| `actions-shared.ts` | 60 | 共享工具（hasAdminScope/hasTeacherScope/hasStudentScope/parseSubjectTeachers/toWeekday） |
 | `schema.ts` | 152 | Zod 校验（13 个 schema：教师/管理员/年级班级 CRUD + 课表 CRUD + 邮箱注册） |
-| `types.ts` | 201 | 类型定义（含跨领域类型污染） |
+| `types.ts` | 201 | 类型定义（含跨领域类型说明注释，P1-4 修复） |

 ---

@@ -783,58 +792,35 @@ src/auth.ts ──▶ import { ... } from "@/shared/lib/permissions"
 - ✅ P2 已修复：`data-access.ts` 中 8 处 catch 块添加 `console.error` 输出错误上下文（getDepartments/getAcademicYears/getSchools/getGrades/getStaffOptions/getGradesForStaff/getSubjectOptions/getGradeOptions）
 - ⚠️ P2：审计日志不一致（仅 school 实体记录，department/academicYear/grade 未记录）
 - ⚠️ P2：`getStaffOptions`/`getGrades` 直查 users/roles（展示用，可接受）
- ⚠️ P0-2（2026-06-22 审计发现）：年级 CRUD 逻辑与 `grade-management` 模块重复定义，两套实现并存
- ⚠️ P0-5（2026-06-22 审计发现）：`school/components/*` 4 个组件均缺少 i18n（`schools-view.tsx` 已修复，其余 3 个待修复）；缺少 Error Boundary / Skeleton
- ✅ P0-5 部分修复（2026-06-22）：新增 `school.json` i18n 文件，`schools-view.tsx` 接入 `useTranslations("school")`
+- ✅ P0-2 修复（2026-06-22）：~~年级 CRUD 逻辑与 `grade-management` 模块重复定义~~ `grade-management` 死模块已删除，年级 CRUD 统一由 school 模块负责
+- ✅ P0-5 修复（2026-06-22）：~~`school/components/*` 4 个组件缺少 i18n~~ 全部 4 个组件（schools-view/grades-view/departments-view/academic-year-view）已接入 `useTranslations("school")`；`school.json` i18n 文件已创建并扩充
 - ✅ P1-3 修复（2026-06-22）：新增 school-error-boundary.tsx（class component Error Boundary + i18n + router.refresh 重试）和 school-skeleton.tsx（SchoolListSkeleton 表格骨架 + SchoolCardSkeleton 卡片骨架）；4 个页面（schools/grades/departments/academic-year）均已包裹 SchoolErrorBoundary；school.json 补充 errors.boundary.* 翻译键
+- ✅ P1-5 修复（2026-06-22）：~~`schools-view.tsx` 硬编码 Table+Dialog+AlertDialog~~ 拆分为组合模式：SchoolListToolbar + SchoolFormDialog + SchoolDeleteDialog + useSchoolData hook
+- ✅ P1-6 修复（2026-06-22）：新增 `getSchoolsForUser(userId)` / `getGradesForUser(userId)` 权限感知查询函数，根据用户角色返回可见数据范围
+- ✅ P2-1 修复（2026-06-22）：抽取 `use-school-data` hook，将对话框状态管理逻辑与 UI 分离

 **文件清单**：
 | 文件 | 行数 | 职责 |
 |------|------|------|
 | `actions.ts` | 349 | 12 个 Server Action（编排层，无 DB 直访） |
-| `data-access.ts` | 504 | 只读查询 + 12 个写操作 + 跨模块查询接口（`isGradeHead`/`isGradeManager`/`findGradeIdByHeadAndName`/`getGradeNameById`/`getSubjectNameById`） |
+| `data-access.ts` | 504+ | 只读查询 + 12 个写操作 + 跨模块查询接口 + 权限感知函数（getSchoolsForUser/getGradesForUser） |
 | `schema.ts` | 51 | Zod 校验 |
 | `types.ts` | 96 | 类型定义（含 Insert/Update 入参类型） |
-| components/school-error-boundary.tsx | 72 | 共享 Error Boundary（class component + i18n + router.refresh 重试） |
-| components/school-skeleton.tsx | 69 | 共享骨架屏（SchoolListSkeleton 表格骨架 + SchoolCardSkeleton 卡片骨架） |
+| components/schools-view.tsx | 132 | 学校列表容器（组合模式，P1-5 修复） |
+| components/school-form-dialog.tsx | 80 | 学校创建/编辑对话框（P1-5 修复） |
+| components/school-delete-dialog.tsx | 50 | 学校删除确认对话框（P1-5 修复） |
+| components/school-list-toolbar.tsx | 30 | 学校列表工具栏（P1-5 修复） |
+| components/school-error-boundary.tsx | 72 | 共享 Error Boundary（P1-3 修复） |
+| components/school-skeleton.tsx | 69 | 共享骨架屏（P1-3 修复） |
+| hooks/use-school-data.ts | 40 | 学校数据管理 hook（P2-1 修复） |

 ---

-## 2.8b grade-management（年级管理模块）— ⚠️ 死模块
+## 2.8b grade-management（年级管理模块）— ✅ 已删除

-> **2026-06-22 审计发现**：该模块拥有完整的理想架构（Service 接口 + Context DI + 角色配置 + Error Boundary + Skeleton + i18n + hooks 分离），但 **13 个相关页面中无任何一个导入此模块**。`management/grade/*` 页面实际依赖 `classes` 和 `school` 模块的 data-access。详见 `docs/architecture/audit/school-grade-class-audit-report.md`。
-
-**职责**：年级 CRUD + 年级作业洞察（重构版，对标理想架构模式）。
-
-**导出函数**：
- Actions：`createGradeAction` / `updateGradeAction` / `deleteGradeAction`（与 school 模块重复定义）
- Data-access：`getGrades` / `getGradesForStaff` / `getSchools` / `getStaffOptions` / `createGrade` / `updateGrade` / `deleteGrade` / `generateGradeId`（与 school 模块重复）
- Data-access-insights：`getGradeInsights`（通过 `classes/data-access.getGradeHomeworkInsights` 获取数据，跨模块通信合规）
- Services：`GradeService` 接口 + `AdminGradeService` / `TeacherGradeService` 实现 + `GradeServiceProvider` Context
- Config：`GRADE_ROLE_CONFIG` 角色配置 + `getGradeRoleConfig` / `resolveGradeRoleConfig`
- Hooks：`useGradeData` / `useGradeFilters` / `useGradeForm` / `useGradeInsights`
- Widgets：`GradeManagementWidget` / `GradeInsightsWidget`
-
-**依赖关系**：
- 依赖：`shared/*`、`@/auth`、`classes`（通过 `data-access.getGradeHomeworkInsights`，合规）
- 被依赖：⚠️ **无任何模块或页面依赖此模块**
-
-**已知问题**：
- ⚠️ P0-1：模块完全未被使用（死模块），所有页面使用 school/classes 模块的 data-access
- ⚠️ P0-2：年级 CRUD 逻辑与 school 模块重复定义
-
-**文件清单**：
-| 文件 | 行数 | 职责 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `actions.ts` | 213 | 3 个 Server Action（含审计日志，比 school 模块版本更完善） |
-| `data-access.ts` | 238 | 年级 CRUD + 查询（与 school 模块重复） |
-| `data-access-insights.ts` | 75 | 年级洞察（适配 classes 模块数据） |
-| `types.ts` | 149 | 类型定义（含 GradeService 接口、角色配置、埋点接口） |
-| `services/*.tsx` | 4 文件 | GradeService 接口 + 实现 + Context DI |
-| `config/role-config.ts` | 66 | 角色配置驱动设计 |
-| `hooks/*.ts` | 4 文件 | 数据/筛选/表单/洞察 hooks |
-| `widgets/*.tsx` | 2 文件 | 管理面板 + 洞察面板 |
-| `components/*.tsx` | 11 文件 | 表格/工具栏/对话框/骨架屏/错误边界/空状态 |
+> **2026-06-22 审计发现**：该模块拥有完整的理想架构（Service 接口 + Context DI + 角色配置 + Error Boundary + Skeleton + i18n + hooks 分离），但 **13 个相关页面中无任何一个导入此模块**。`management/grade/*` 页面实际依赖 `classes` 和 `school` 模块的 data-access。
+>
+> **2026-06-22 处置决策（P0-1/P0-2 修复）**：该死模块已**完整删除**。年级 CRUD 统一由 `school` 模块负责（`school/actions.ts` + `school/data-access.ts`），避免两套重复实现。详见 `docs/architecture/audit/school-grade-class-audit-report.md`。

 ---

--- a/docs/architecture/005_architecture_data.json
+++ b/docs/architecture/005_architecture_data.json
@@ -5459,6 +5459,63 @@
            "updateAdminClass",
            "deleteAdminClass"
          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "path": "actions.ts",
+          "lines": 50,
+          "description": "Barrel re-export（P0-3 修复：从 974 行拆分为 6 个职责文件）",
+          "exports": [
+            "createTeacherClassAction",
+            "updateTeacherClassAction",
+            "deleteTeacherClassAction",
+            "createAdminClassAction",
+            "updateAdminClassAction",
+            "deleteAdminClassAction",
+            "createGradeClassAction",
+            "updateGradeClassAction",
+            "deleteGradeClassAction",
+            "enrollStudentByEmailAction",
+            "joinClassByInvitationCodeAction",
+            "ensureClassInvitationCodeAction",
+            "regenerateClassInvitationCodeAction",
+            "createClassInvitationCodeAction",
+            "revokeClassInvitationCodeAction",
+            "listClassInvitationCodesAction",
+            "setStudentEnrollmentStatusAction",
+            "createClassScheduleItemAction",
+            "updateClassScheduleItemAction",
+            "deleteClassScheduleItemAction"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "path": "actions-teacher.ts",
+          "lines": 100,
+          "description": "教师班级 CRUD（3 个 Action，P0-3 修复）"
+        },
+        {
+          "path": "actions-admin.ts",
+          "lines": 120,
+          "description": "管理员班级 CRUD（3 个 Action，P0-3 修复）"
+        },
+        {
+          "path": "actions-grade.ts",
+          "lines": 110,
+          "description": "年级组长班级 CRUD（3 个 Action，P0-3 修复）"
+        },
+        {
+          "path": "actions-invitations.ts",
+          "lines": 280,
+          "description": "邀请码与注册（8 个 Action，P0-3 修复）"
+        },
+        {
+          "path": "actions-schedule.ts",
+          "lines": 90,
+          "description": "班级课表 CRUD（3 个 Action，P0-3 修复）"
+        },
+        {
+          "path": "actions-shared.ts",
+          "lines": 60,
+          "description": "共享工具（hasAdminScope/hasTeacherScope/hasStudentScope/parseSubjectTeachers/toWeekday，P1-1 修复）"
        }
      ]
    },
--- a/src/app/(dashboard)/admin/school/academic-year/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/admin/school/academic-year/page.tsx
@@ -1,28 +1,36 @@
-import type { Metadata } from "next"
+import type { Metadata } from "next"
 import type { JSX } from "react"

+import { getTranslations } from "next-intl/server"
 import { requirePermission } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
 import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
 import { AcademicYearClient } from "@/modules/school/components/academic-year-view"
+import { SchoolErrorBoundary } from "@/modules/school/components/school-error-boundary"
 import { getAcademicYears } from "@/modules/school/data-access"

-export const metadata: Metadata = {
-  title: "学年管理 - Next_Edu",
-  description: "管理学年区间与当前激活学年",
-}
-
 export const dynamic = "force-dynamic"

+export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
+  const t = await getTranslations("school")
+  return {
+    title: `${t("academicYear.title")} - Next_Edu`,
+    description: t("academicYear.description"),
+  }
+}
+
 export default async function AdminAcademicYearPage(): Promise<JSX.Element> {
  await requirePermission(Permissions.SCHOOL_MANAGE)
+  const t = await getTranslations("school")
  const years = await getAcademicYears()
  return (
    <div className="flex h-full flex-col space-y-8 p-8">
      <div className="space-y-1">
-        <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">学年管理</h2>
-        <p className="text-muted-foreground">管理学年区间与当前激活学年。</p>
+        <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">{t("academicYear.title")}</h2>
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground">{t("academicYear.description")}</p>
      </div>
+      <SchoolErrorBoundary>
        <AcademicYearClient years={years} />
+      </SchoolErrorBoundary>
    </div>
  )
 }
--- a/src/app/(dashboard)/admin/school/classes/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/admin/school/classes/page.tsx
@@ -1,21 +1,26 @@
 import type { Metadata } from "next"
 import type { JSX } from "react"

+import { getTranslations } from "next-intl/server"
 import { requirePermission } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
 import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
 import { getAdminClasses, getTeacherOptions } from "@/modules/classes/data-access"
 import { getGrades, getSchools } from "@/modules/school/data-access"
 import { AdminClassesClient } from "@/modules/classes/components/admin-classes-view"

-export const metadata: Metadata = {
-  title: "班级管理 - Next_Edu",
-  description: "管理班级并分配教师",
-}
-
 export const dynamic = "force-dynamic"

+export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
+  const t = await getTranslations("school")
+  return {
+    title: `${t("classManagement.title")} - Next_Edu`,
+    description: t("classManagement.description"),
+  }
+}
+
 export default async function AdminSchoolClassesPage(): Promise<JSX.Element> {
  await requirePermission(Permissions.SCHOOL_MANAGE)
+  const t = await getTranslations("school")
  const [classes, teachers, schools, grades] = await Promise.all([
    getAdminClasses(),
    getTeacherOptions(),
@@ -26,8 +31,8 @@ export default async function AdminSchoolClassesPage(): Promise<JSX.Element> {
  return (
    <div className="flex h-full flex-col space-y-8 p-8">
      <div className="space-y-1">
-        <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">班级管理</h2>
-        <p className="text-muted-foreground">管理班级并分配教师。</p>
+        <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">{t("classManagement.title")}</h2>
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground">{t("classManagement.description")}</p>
      </div>
      <AdminClassesClient classes={classes} teachers={teachers} schools={schools} grades={grades} />
    </div>
--- a/src/app/(dashboard)/admin/school/departments/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/admin/school/departments/page.tsx
@@ -1,28 +1,36 @@
-import type { Metadata } from "next"
+import type { Metadata } from "next"
 import type { JSX } from "react"

+import { getTranslations } from "next-intl/server"
 import { requirePermission } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
 import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
 import { DepartmentsClient } from "@/modules/school/components/departments-view"
+import { SchoolErrorBoundary } from "@/modules/school/components/school-error-boundary"
 import { getDepartments } from "@/modules/school/data-access"

-export const metadata: Metadata = {
-  title: "部门管理 - Next_Edu",
-  description: "管理学校部门",
-}
-
 export const dynamic = "force-dynamic"

+export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
+  const t = await getTranslations("school")
+  return {
+    title: `${t("departments.title")} - Next_Edu`,
+    description: t("departments.description"),
+  }
+}
+
 export default async function AdminDepartmentsPage(): Promise<JSX.Element> {
  await requirePermission(Permissions.SCHOOL_MANAGE)
+  const t = await getTranslations("school")
  const departments = await getDepartments()
  return (
    <div className="flex h-full flex-col space-y-8 p-8">
      <div className="space-y-1">
-        <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">部门管理</h2>
-        <p className="text-muted-foreground">管理学校部门。</p>
+        <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">{t("departments.title")}</h2>
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground">{t("departments.description")}</p>
      </div>
+      <SchoolErrorBoundary>
        <DepartmentsClient departments={departments} />
+      </SchoolErrorBoundary>
    </div>
  )
 }
--- a/src/app/(dashboard)/admin/school/grades/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/admin/school/grades/page.tsx
@@ -1,29 +1,37 @@
-import type { Metadata } from "next"
+import type { Metadata } from "next"
 import type { JSX } from "react"

+import { getTranslations } from "next-intl/server"
 import { requirePermission } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
 import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
 import { GradesClient } from "@/modules/school/components/grades-view"
+import { SchoolErrorBoundary } from "@/modules/school/components/school-error-boundary"
 import { getGrades, getSchools, getStaffOptions } from "@/modules/school/data-access"

-export const metadata: Metadata = {
-  title: "年级管理 - Next_Edu",
-  description: "管理年级并分配年级组长",
-}
-
 export const dynamic = "force-dynamic"

+export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
+  const t = await getTranslations("school")
+  return {
+    title: `${t("grades.title")} - Next_Edu`,
+    description: t("grades.description"),
+  }
+}
+
 export default async function AdminGradesPage(): Promise<JSX.Element> {
  await requirePermission(Permissions.SCHOOL_MANAGE)
+  const t = await getTranslations("school")
  const [grades, schools, staff] = await Promise.all([getGrades(), getSchools(), getStaffOptions()])

  return (
    <div className="flex h-full flex-col space-y-8 p-8">
      <div className="space-y-1">
-        <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">年级管理</h2>
-        <p className="text-muted-foreground">管理年级并分配年级组长。</p>
+        <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">{t("grades.title")}</h2>
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground">{t("grades.description")}</p>
      </div>
+      <SchoolErrorBoundary>
        <GradesClient grades={grades} schools={schools} staff={staff} />
+      </SchoolErrorBoundary>
    </div>
  )
 }
--- a/src/app/(dashboard)/admin/school/schools/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/admin/school/schools/page.tsx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { getTranslations } from "next-intl/server"
 import { requirePermission } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
 import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
 import { SchoolsClient } from "@/modules/school/components/schools-view"
+import { SchoolErrorBoundary } from "@/modules/school/components/school-error-boundary"
 import { getSchools } from "@/modules/school/data-access"

 export const dynamic = "force-dynamic"
@@ -27,7 +28,9 @@ export default async function AdminSchoolsPage(): Promise<JSX.Element> {
        <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">{t("schools.title")}</h2>
        <p className="text-muted-foreground">{t("schools.description")}</p>
      </div>
+      <SchoolErrorBoundary>
        <SchoolsClient schools={schools} />
+      </SchoolErrorBoundary>
    </div>
  )
 }
--- a/src/app/(dashboard)/management/grade/classes/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(dashboard)/management/grade/classes/page.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+import type { Metadata } from "next"
+import type { JSX } from "react"
+
+import { getTranslations } from "next-intl/server"
 import { requirePermission } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
 import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
 import { getGradeManagedClasses, getManagedGrades, getTeacherOptions } from "@/modules/classes/data-access"
@@ -5,8 +9,17 @@ import { GradeClassesClient } from "@/modules/classes/components/grade-classes-v

 export const dynamic = "force-dynamic"

-export default async function GradeClassesPage() {
+export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
+  const t = await getTranslations("school")
+  return {
+    title: `${t("classManagement.grade.title")} - Next_Edu`,
+    description: t("classManagement.grade.description"),
+  }
+}
+
+export default async function GradeClassesPage(): Promise<JSX.Element> {
  const ctx = await requirePermission(Permissions.GRADE_MANAGE)
+  const t = await getTranslations("school")
  const userId = ctx.userId

  const [classes, teachers, managedGrades] = await Promise.all([
@@ -19,10 +32,8 @@ export default async function GradeClassesPage() {
    <div className="flex h-full flex-col space-y-8 p-8">
      <div className="flex flex-col justify-between space-y-4 md:flex-row md:items-center md:space-y-0">
        <div>
-          <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">Class Management</h2>
-          <p className="text-muted-foreground">
-            Manage classes for your grades.
-          </p>
+          <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">{t("classManagement.grade.title")}</h2>
+          <p className="text-muted-foreground">{t("classManagement.grade.description")}</p>
        </div>
      </div>

--- a/src/modules/classes/actions-admin.ts
+++ b/src/modules/classes/actions-admin.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+"use server"
+
+import { revalidatePath } from "next/cache"
+import { requirePermission, PermissionDeniedError } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
+import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
+
+import type { ActionState } from "@/shared/types/action-state"
+import {
+  createAdminClass,
+  deleteAdminClass,
+  setClassSubjectTeachers,
+  updateAdminClass,
+} from "./data-access"
+import {
+  CreateAdminClassSchema,
+  UpdateAdminClassSchema,
+  DeleteAdminClassSchema,
+} from "./schema"
+import { parseSubjectTeachers } from "./actions-shared"
+
+export async function createAdminClassAction(
+  prevState: ActionState<string> | undefined,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState<string>> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_CREATE)
+
+    const parsed = CreateAdminClassSchema.safeParse({
+      name: formData.get("name"),
+      grade: formData.get("grade"),
+      teacherId: formData.get("teacherId"),
+      schoolName: formData.get("schoolName"),
+      schoolId: formData.get("schoolId"),
+      gradeId: formData.get("gradeId"),
+      homeroom: formData.get("homeroom"),
+      room: formData.get("room"),
+    })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Class name, grade and teacher are required" }
+    }
+
+    const { name, grade, teacherId, schoolName, schoolId, gradeId, homeroom, room } = parsed.data
+
+    try {
+      const id = await createAdminClass({
+        schoolName: schoolName ?? null,
+        schoolId: schoolId ?? null,
+        name,
+        grade,
+        gradeId: gradeId ?? null,
+        teacherId,
+        homeroom: homeroom ?? null,
+        room: room ?? null,
+      })
+      revalidatePath("/admin/school/classes")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/students")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/schedule")
+      return { success: true, message: "Class created successfully", data: id }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to create class" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function updateAdminClassAction(
+  classId: string,
+  prevState: ActionState | undefined,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_UPDATE)
+
+    const parsed = UpdateAdminClassSchema.safeParse({
+      classId,
+      schoolName: formData.get("schoolName"),
+      schoolId: formData.get("schoolId"),
+      name: formData.get("name"),
+      grade: formData.get("grade"),
+      gradeId: formData.get("gradeId"),
+      teacherId: formData.get("teacherId"),
+      homeroom: formData.get("homeroom"),
+      room: formData.get("room"),
+    })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing class id" }
+    }
+
+    const { classId: validatedClassId, schoolName, schoolId, name, grade, gradeId, teacherId, homeroom, room } = parsed.data
+    const subjectTeachers = parseSubjectTeachers(formData.get("subjectTeachers") as string | null)
+
+    try {
+      await updateAdminClass(validatedClassId, {
+        schoolName: schoolName ?? undefined,
+        schoolId: schoolId ?? undefined,
+        name: name ?? undefined,
+        grade: grade ?? undefined,
+        gradeId: gradeId ?? undefined,
+        teacherId: teacherId ?? undefined,
+        homeroom: homeroom ?? undefined,
+        room: room ?? undefined,
+      })
+
+      if (subjectTeachers) {
+        await setClassSubjectTeachers({
+          classId: validatedClassId,
+          assignments: subjectTeachers,
+        })
+      }
+
+      revalidatePath("/admin/school/classes")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/students")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/schedule")
+      return { success: true, message: "Class updated successfully" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to update class" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function deleteAdminClassAction(classId: string): Promise<ActionState> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_DELETE)
+
+    const parsed = DeleteAdminClassSchema.safeParse({ classId })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing class id" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await deleteAdminClass(parsed.data.classId)
+      revalidatePath("/admin/school/classes")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/students")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/schedule")
+      return { success: true, message: "Class deleted successfully" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to delete class" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
--- a/src/modules/classes/actions-grade.ts
+++ b/src/modules/classes/actions-grade.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+"use server"
+
+import { revalidatePath } from "next/cache"
+import { requirePermission, PermissionDeniedError } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
+import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
+
+import type { ActionState } from "@/shared/types/action-state"
+import {
+  createAdminClass,
+  deleteAdminClass,
+  getClassGradeId,
+  setClassSubjectTeachers,
+  updateAdminClass,
+} from "./data-access"
+import { isGradeManager } from "@/modules/school/data-access"
+import {
+  CreateGradeClassSchema,
+  UpdateGradeClassSchema,
+  DeleteGradeClassSchema,
+} from "./schema"
+import { parseSubjectTeachers } from "./actions-shared"
+
+export async function createGradeClassAction(
+  prevState: ActionState<string> | undefined,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState<string>> {
+  try {
+    const ctx = await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_CREATE)
+
+    const parsed = CreateGradeClassSchema.safeParse({
+      name: formData.get("name"),
+      gradeId: formData.get("gradeId"),
+      teacherId: formData.get("teacherId"),
+      schoolName: formData.get("schoolName"),
+      schoolId: formData.get("schoolId"),
+      grade: formData.get("grade"),
+      homeroom: formData.get("homeroom"),
+      room: formData.get("room"),
+    })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Class name, grade and teacher are required" }
+    }
+
+    const { name, gradeId, teacherId, schoolName, schoolId, grade, homeroom, room } = parsed.data
+
+    // Verify access
+    const isManager = await isGradeManager(gradeId, ctx.userId)
+    if (!isManager) {
+      return { success: false, message: "You do not have permission to create classes for this grade" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const id = await createAdminClass({
+        schoolName: schoolName ?? null,
+        schoolId: schoolId ?? null,
+        name,
+        grade: grade ?? "", // Should be passed from UI based on selected grade
+        gradeId,
+        teacherId,
+        homeroom: homeroom ?? null,
+        room: room ?? null,
+      })
+      revalidatePath("/management/grade/classes")
+      return { success: true, message: "Class created successfully", data: id }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to create class" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function updateGradeClassAction(
+  classId: string,
+  prevState: ActionState | undefined,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState> {
+  try {
+    const ctx = await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_UPDATE)
+
+    const parsed = UpdateGradeClassSchema.safeParse({
+      classId,
+      schoolName: formData.get("schoolName"),
+      schoolId: formData.get("schoolId"),
+      name: formData.get("name"),
+      grade: formData.get("grade"),
+      gradeId: formData.get("gradeId"),
+      teacherId: formData.get("teacherId"),
+      homeroom: formData.get("homeroom"),
+      room: formData.get("room"),
+    })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing class id" }
+    }
+
+    const { classId: validatedClassId, schoolName, schoolId, name, grade, gradeId, teacherId, homeroom, room } = parsed.data
+    const subjectTeachers = parseSubjectTeachers(formData.get("subjectTeachers") as string | null)
+
+    // Verify access: Check if the class belongs to a managed grade
+    const classGradeId = await getClassGradeId(validatedClassId)
+    if (!classGradeId) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Class not found or not linked to a grade" }
+    }
+
+    const isManager = await isGradeManager(classGradeId, ctx.userId)
+    if (!isManager) {
+      return { success: false, message: "You do not have permission to update this class" }
+    }
+
+    // If changing gradeId, verify target grade too
+    if (typeof gradeId === "string" && gradeId !== classGradeId) {
+      const isTargetManager = await isGradeManager(gradeId, ctx.userId)
+      if (!isTargetManager) {
+        return { success: false, message: "You do not have permission to move class to this grade" }
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await updateAdminClass(validatedClassId, {
+        schoolName: schoolName ?? undefined,
+        schoolId: schoolId ?? undefined,
+        name: name ?? undefined,
+        grade: grade ?? undefined,
+        gradeId: gradeId ?? undefined,
+        teacherId: teacherId ?? undefined,
+        homeroom: homeroom ?? undefined,
+        room: room ?? undefined,
+      })
+
+      if (subjectTeachers) {
+        await setClassSubjectTeachers({
+          classId: validatedClassId,
+          assignments: subjectTeachers,
+        })
+      }
+
+      revalidatePath("/management/grade/classes")
+      return { success: true, message: "Class updated successfully" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to update class" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function deleteGradeClassAction(classId: string): Promise<ActionState> {
+  try {
+    const ctx = await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_DELETE)
+
+    const parsed = DeleteGradeClassSchema.safeParse({ classId })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing class id" }
+    }
+
+    const { classId: validatedClassId } = parsed.data
+
+    // Verify access
+    const classGradeId = await getClassGradeId(validatedClassId)
+    if (!classGradeId) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Class not found or not linked to a grade" }
+    }
+
+    const isManager = await isGradeManager(classGradeId, ctx.userId)
+    if (!isManager) {
+      return { success: false, message: "You do not have permission to delete this class" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await deleteAdminClass(validatedClassId)
+      revalidatePath("/management/grade/classes")
+      return { success: true, message: "Class deleted successfully" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to delete class" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
--- a/src/modules/classes/actions-invitations.ts
+++ b/src/modules/classes/actions-invitations.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+"use server"
+
+import { revalidatePath } from "next/cache"
+import { requirePermission, PermissionDeniedError } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
+import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
+
+import type { ActionState } from "@/shared/types/action-state"
+import {
+  enrollStudentByEmail,
+  enrollStudentByInvitationCode,
+  enrollTeacherByInvitationCode,
+  ensureClassInvitationCode,
+  regenerateClassInvitationCode,
+  setStudentEnrollmentStatus,
+} from "./data-access"
+import {
+  EnrollStudentByEmailSchema,
+} from "./schema"
+import { hasTeacherScope, hasStudentScope } from "./actions-shared"
+
+export async function enrollStudentByEmailAction(
+  classId: string,
+  prevState: ActionState | null,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_ENROLL)
+
+    const parsed = EnrollStudentByEmailSchema.safeParse({
+      classId,
+      email: formData.get("email"),
+    })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Please select a class and provide student email" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await enrollStudentByEmail(parsed.data.classId, parsed.data.email)
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/students")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      return { success: true, message: "Student added successfully" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to add student" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function joinClassByInvitationCodeAction(
+  prevState: ActionState<{ classId: string }> | null,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState<{ classId: string }>> {
+  try {
+    const ctx = await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_ENROLL)
+
+    const code = formData.get("code")
+    if (typeof code !== "string" || code.trim().length === 0) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Invitation code is required" }
+    }
+
+    // v3：rate limit 防爆破（10 次/5 分钟，按 userId）
+    const { rateLimit, rateLimitKey } = await import("@/shared/lib/rate-limit")
+    const rlKey = rateLimitKey("class-join", ctx.userId)
+    const rlResult = rateLimit({
+      key: rlKey,
+      limit: 10,
+      windowMs: 5 * 60 * 1000,
+    })
+    if (!rlResult.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Too many attempts, please try again later" }
+    }
+
+    // P1-1: 使用 dataScope 替代 ctx.roles.includes("teacher") 硬编码
+    const isTeacher = hasTeacherScope(ctx)
+    const subjectValue = formData.get("subject")
+    const subject = isTeacher && typeof subjectValue === "string" ? subjectValue.trim() : null
+
+    if (isTeacher && (!subject || subject.length === 0)) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Subject is required" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const classId = isTeacher
+        ? await enrollTeacherByInvitationCode(ctx.userId, code, subject)
+        : await enrollStudentByInvitationCode(ctx.userId, code)
+
+      // 成功后重置 rate limit
+      const { resetRateLimit } = await import("@/shared/lib/rate-limit")
+      resetRateLimit(rlKey)
+
+      // 审计日志
+      const { logAudit } = await import("@/shared/lib/audit-logger")
+      await logAudit({
+        action: "class.invitation.consume",
+        module: "classes",
+        targetId: classId,
+        targetType: "class",
+        detail: {
+          code: String(code).trim().toUpperCase(),
+          userId: ctx.userId,
+          // P1-1: 使用 dataScope 推断角色名，避免硬编码
+          role: hasStudentScope(ctx) ? "student" : "teacher",
+          subject,
+        },
+      })
+
+      if (hasStudentScope(ctx)) {
+        revalidatePath("/student/learning/courses")
+        revalidatePath("/student/schedule")
+      } else {
+        revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      }
+      revalidatePath("/profile")
+      return { success: true, message: "Joined class successfully", data: { classId } }
+    } catch (error) {
+      // 审计日志：加入失败
+      const { logAudit } = await import("@/shared/lib/audit-logger")
+      await logAudit({
+        action: "class.invitation.consume_failed",
+        module: "classes",
+        targetId: String(code).trim().toUpperCase(),
+        targetType: "invitation_code",
+        detail: {
+          userId: ctx.userId,
+          reason: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "unknown",
+        },
+        status: "failure",
+      })
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to join class" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function ensureClassInvitationCodeAction(classId: string): Promise<ActionState<{ code: string }>> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_ENROLL)
+
+    if (typeof classId !== "string" || classId.trim().length === 0) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing class id" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const code = await ensureClassInvitationCode(classId)
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      revalidatePath(`/teacher/classes/my/${encodeURIComponent(classId)}`)
+      return { success: true, message: "Invitation code ready", data: { code } }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to generate code" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function regenerateClassInvitationCodeAction(classId: string): Promise<ActionState<{ code: string }>> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_ENROLL)
+
+    if (typeof classId !== "string" || classId.trim().length === 0) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing class id" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const code = await regenerateClassInvitationCode(classId)
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      revalidatePath(`/teacher/classes/my/${encodeURIComponent(classId)}`)
+      return { success: true, message: "Invitation code updated", data: { code } }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to regenerate code" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * v3 新增：生成自定义邀请码（支持有效期/次数/备注）。
+ * 对标 Google Classroom / 钉钉教育：管理员/教师可为班级生成带有效期与次数限制的邀请码。
+ *
+ * 权限：CLASS_ENROLL（沿用现有权限点，避免过度拆分）
+ * 审计：调用 logAudit 记录生成操作
+ */
+export async function createClassInvitationCodeAction(
+  prevState: ActionState<{ code: string; id: string }> | null,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState<{ code: string; id: string }>> {
+  try {
+    const ctx = await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_ENROLL)
+
+    const classId = String(formData.get("classId") ?? "").trim()
+    if (!classId) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing class id" }
+    }
+
+    const expiresInHoursRaw = formData.get("expiresInHours")
+    const maxUsesRaw = formData.get("maxUses")
+    const note = String(formData.get("note") ?? "").trim() || null
+
+    const expiresInHours =
+      expiresInHoursRaw && String(expiresInHoursRaw).trim() !== ""
+        ? Number(expiresInHoursRaw)
+        : null
+    const maxUses =
+      maxUsesRaw && String(maxUsesRaw).trim() !== ""
+        ? Number(maxUsesRaw)
+        : null
+
+    if (expiresInHours !== null && (!Number.isFinite(expiresInHours) || expiresInHours <= 0)) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Invalid expiresInHours" }
+    }
+    if (maxUses !== null && (!Number.isFinite(maxUses) || maxUses <= 0)) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Invalid maxUses" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const { createInvitationCode } = await import("./data-access-invitations")
+      const record = await createInvitationCode(classId, ctx.userId, {
+        expiresInHours,
+        maxUses,
+        note,
+      })
+
+      // 审计日志
+      const { logAudit } = await import("@/shared/lib/audit-logger")
+      await logAudit({
+        action: "class.invitation.create",
+        module: "classes",
+        targetId: classId,
+        targetType: "class",
+        detail: {
+          codeId: record.id,
+          code: record.code,
+          expiresInHours,
+          maxUses,
+          note,
+        },
+      })
+
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      revalidatePath(`/teacher/classes/my/${encodeURIComponent(classId)}`)
+      revalidatePath(`/admin/school/classes`)
+      return {
+        success: true,
+        message: "Invitation code generated",
+        data: { code: record.code, id: record.id },
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return {
+        success: false,
+        message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to generate code",
+      }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * v3 新增：撤销邀请码（软删除）。
+ */
+export async function revokeClassInvitationCodeAction(
+  prevState: ActionState<null> | null,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState<null>> {
+  try {
+    const ctx = await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_ENROLL)
+
+    const codeId = String(formData.get("codeId") ?? "").trim()
+    if (!codeId) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing code id" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const { revokeInvitationCode } = await import("./data-access-invitations")
+      await revokeInvitationCode(codeId, ctx.userId)
+
+      const { logAudit } = await import("@/shared/lib/audit-logger")
+      await logAudit({
+        action: "class.invitation.revoke",
+        module: "classes",
+        targetId: codeId,
+        targetType: "invitation_code",
+        detail: { revokedBy: ctx.userId },
+      })
+
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      revalidatePath(`/admin/school/classes`)
+      return { success: true, message: "Invitation code revoked" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return {
+        success: false,
+        message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to revoke code",
+      }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * v3 新增：列出班级所有邀请码（管理端列表用）。
+ */
+export async function listClassInvitationCodesAction(
+  classId: string
+): Promise<ActionState<{ codes: Array<Record<string, unknown>> }>> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_ENROLL)
+
+    if (typeof classId !== "string" || classId.trim().length === 0) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing class id" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const { listClassInvitationCodes } = await import("./data-access-invitations")
+      const codes = await listClassInvitationCodes(classId)
+      return {
+        success: true,
+        data: {
+          codes: codes.map((c) => ({
+            id: c.id,
+            code: c.code,
+            status: c.status,
+            maxUses: c.maxUses,
+            usedCount: c.usedCount,
+            expiresAt: c.expiresAt?.toISOString() ?? null,
+            createdAt: c.createdAt.toISOString(),
+            revokedAt: c.revokedAt?.toISOString() ?? null,
+            note: c.note,
+          })),
+        },
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return {
+        success: false,
+        message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to list codes",
+      }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function setStudentEnrollmentStatusAction(
+  classId: string,
+  studentId: string,
+  status: "active" | "inactive"
+): Promise<ActionState> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_ENROLL)
+
+    if (!classId?.trim() || !studentId?.trim()) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing enrollment info" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await setStudentEnrollmentStatus(classId, studentId, status)
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/students")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      return { success: true, message: "Student updated successfully" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to update student" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
--- a/src/modules/classes/actions-schedule.ts
+++ b/src/modules/classes/actions-schedule.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+"use server"
+
+import { revalidatePath } from "next/cache"
+import { requirePermission, PermissionDeniedError } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
+import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
+
+import type { ActionState } from "@/shared/types/action-state"
+import {
+  createClassScheduleItem,
+  updateClassScheduleItem,
+  deleteClassScheduleItem,
+} from "@/modules/scheduling/data-access-class-schedule"
+import {
+  CreateClassScheduleItemSchema,
+  UpdateClassScheduleItemSchema,
+  DeleteClassScheduleItemSchema,
+} from "./schema"
+import { toWeekday } from "./actions-shared"
+
+export async function createClassScheduleItemAction(
+  prevState: ActionState<string> | null,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState<string>> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_SCHEDULE)
+
+    const parsed = CreateClassScheduleItemSchema.safeParse({
+      classId: formData.get("classId"),
+      weekday: formData.get("weekday"),
+      course: formData.get("course"),
+      startTime: formData.get("startTime"),
+      endTime: formData.get("endTime"),
+      location: formData.get("location"),
+    })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Invalid schedule item data" }
+    }
+
+    const { classId, weekday, course, startTime, endTime, location } = parsed.data
+
+    try {
+      const id = await createClassScheduleItem({
+        classId,
+        weekday: toWeekday(weekday),
+        startTime,
+        endTime,
+        course,
+        location: location ?? null,
+      })
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/schedule")
+      return { success: true, message: "Schedule item created successfully", data: id }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to create schedule item" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function updateClassScheduleItemAction(
+  scheduleId: string,
+  prevState: ActionState | null,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_SCHEDULE)
+
+    const parsed = UpdateClassScheduleItemSchema.safeParse({
+      scheduleId,
+      classId: formData.get("classId"),
+      weekday: formData.get("weekday") || undefined,
+      course: formData.get("course"),
+      startTime: formData.get("startTime"),
+      endTime: formData.get("endTime"),
+      location: formData.get("location"),
+    })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing or invalid schedule id" }
+    }
+
+    const { scheduleId: validatedScheduleId, classId, weekday, course, startTime, endTime, location } = parsed.data
+
+    try {
+      await updateClassScheduleItem(validatedScheduleId, {
+        classId: classId ?? undefined,
+        weekday: typeof weekday === "number" ? toWeekday(weekday) : undefined,
+        startTime: startTime ?? undefined,
+        endTime: endTime ?? undefined,
+        course: course ?? undefined,
+        location: location ?? undefined,
+      })
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/schedule")
+      return { success: true, message: "Schedule item updated successfully" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to update schedule item" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function deleteClassScheduleItemAction(scheduleId: string): Promise<ActionState> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_SCHEDULE)
+
+    const parsed = DeleteClassScheduleItemSchema.safeParse({ scheduleId })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing schedule id" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await deleteClassScheduleItem(parsed.data.scheduleId)
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/schedule")
+      return { success: true, message: "Schedule item deleted successfully" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to delete schedule item" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
--- a/src/modules/classes/actions-shared.ts
+++ b/src/modules/classes/actions-shared.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import type { AuthContext } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
+import type { ClassSubject } from "./types"
+import { DEFAULT_CLASS_SUBJECTS } from "./types"
+
+const CLASS_SUBJECT_STRINGS: readonly string[] = DEFAULT_CLASS_SUBJECTS
+
+export const isClassSubject = (v: string): v is ClassSubject => CLASS_SUBJECT_STRINGS.includes(v)
+
+export const isWeekday = (n: number): n is 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 =>
+  n >= 1 && n <= 7 && Number.isInteger(n)
+
+export const toWeekday = (n: number): 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 => {
+  if (!isWeekday(n)) throw new Error("Invalid weekday")
+  return n
+}
+
+/**
+ * P1-1: 替代 `ctx.roles.includes("admin")` 硬编码。
+ * 通过 dataScope.type === "all" 判断是否拥有 admin 级别的数据访问范围。
+ */
+export const hasAdminScope = (ctx: AuthContext): boolean => ctx.dataScope.type === "all"
+
+/**
+ * P1-1: 替代 `ctx.roles.includes("teacher")` 硬编码。
+ * 通过 dataScope.type === "class_taught" 判断是否为教师（有授课班级）。
+ */
+export const hasTeacherScope = (ctx: AuthContext): boolean => ctx.dataScope.type === "class_taught"
+
+/**
+ * P1-1: 替代 `ctx.roles.includes("student")` 硬编码。
+ * 通过 dataScope.type === "class_members" 判断是否为学生。
+ */
+export const hasStudentScope = (ctx: AuthContext): boolean => ctx.dataScope.type === "class_members"
+
+/**
+ * 解析表单中的 subjectTeachers JSON 字符串为标准赋值数组。
+ * 提取自原 actions.ts，供 admin/grade class 更新逻辑复用。
+ */
+export const parseSubjectTeachers = (raw: string | null) => {
+  if (typeof raw !== "string" || raw.trim().length === 0) return null
+  const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as unknown
+  if (!Array.isArray(parsed)) throw new Error("Invalid subject teachers")
+
+  return parsed.flatMap((item) => {
+    if (!item || typeof item !== "object") return []
+    const subject = (item as { subject?: unknown }).subject
+    const teacherId = (item as { teacherId?: unknown }).teacherId
+
+    if (typeof subject !== "string" || !isClassSubject(subject)) return []
+
+    if (teacherId === null || typeof teacherId === "undefined") {
+      return [{ subject, teacherId: null }]
+    }
+
+    if (typeof teacherId !== "string") return []
+    const trimmed = teacherId.trim()
+    return [{ subject, teacherId: trimmed.length > 0 ? trimmed : null }]
+  })
+}
--- a/src/modules/classes/actions-teacher.ts
+++ b/src/modules/classes/actions-teacher.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+"use server"
+
+import { revalidatePath } from "next/cache"
+import { requirePermission, PermissionDeniedError } from "@/shared/lib/auth-guard"
+import { Permissions } from "@/shared/types/permissions"
+
+import type { ActionState } from "@/shared/types/action-state"
+import {
+  createTeacherClass,
+  deleteTeacherClass,
+  updateTeacherClass,
+} from "./data-access"
+import { findGradeIdByHeadAndName, isGradeHead } from "@/modules/school/data-access"
+import {
+  CreateTeacherClassSchema,
+  UpdateTeacherClassSchema,
+  DeleteTeacherClassSchema,
+} from "./schema"
+import { hasAdminScope } from "./actions-shared"
+
+export async function createTeacherClassAction(
+  prevState: ActionState<string> | null,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState<string>> {
+  try {
+    const ctx = await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_CREATE)
+
+    const parsed = CreateTeacherClassSchema.safeParse({
+      name: formData.get("name"),
+      grade: formData.get("grade"),
+      schoolName: formData.get("schoolName"),
+      schoolId: formData.get("schoolId"),
+      gradeId: formData.get("gradeId"),
+      homeroom: formData.get("homeroom"),
+      room: formData.get("room"),
+    })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Class name and grade are required" }
+    }
+
+    const { name, grade, schoolName, schoolId, gradeId, homeroom, room } = parsed.data
+
+    // P1-1: 使用 dataScope 替代 ctx.roles.includes("admin") 硬编码
+    if (!hasAdminScope(ctx)) {
+      const userId = ctx.userId
+
+      const normalizedGradeId = typeof gradeId === "string" ? gradeId.trim() : ""
+      const isOwner = normalizedGradeId
+        ? await isGradeHead(normalizedGradeId, userId)
+        : Boolean(await findGradeIdByHeadAndName(userId, grade))
+      if (!isOwner) {
+        return { success: false, message: "Only admins and grade heads can create classes" }
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const id = await createTeacherClass({
+        schoolName: schoolName ?? null,
+        schoolId: schoolId ?? null,
+        name,
+        grade,
+        gradeId: gradeId ?? null,
+        homeroom: homeroom ?? null,
+        room: room ?? null,
+      })
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/students")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/schedule")
+      return { success: true, message: "Class created successfully", data: id }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to create class" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function updateTeacherClassAction(
+  classId: string,
+  prevState: ActionState | null,
+  formData: FormData
+): Promise<ActionState> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_UPDATE)
+
+    const parsed = UpdateTeacherClassSchema.safeParse({
+      classId,
+      schoolName: formData.get("schoolName"),
+      schoolId: formData.get("schoolId"),
+      name: formData.get("name"),
+      grade: formData.get("grade"),
+      gradeId: formData.get("gradeId"),
+      homeroom: formData.get("homeroom"),
+      room: formData.get("room"),
+    })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing class id" }
+    }
+
+    const { classId: validatedClassId, schoolName, schoolId, name, grade, gradeId, homeroom, room } = parsed.data
+
+    try {
+      await updateTeacherClass(validatedClassId, {
+        schoolName: schoolName ?? undefined,
+        schoolId: schoolId ?? undefined,
+        name: name ?? undefined,
+        grade: grade ?? undefined,
+        gradeId: gradeId ?? undefined,
+        homeroom: homeroom ?? undefined,
+        room: room ?? undefined,
+      })
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/students")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/schedule")
+      return { success: true, message: "Class updated successfully" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to update class" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
+
+export async function deleteTeacherClassAction(classId: string): Promise<ActionState> {
+  try {
+    await requirePermission(Permissions.CLASS_DELETE)
+
+    const parsed = DeleteTeacherClassSchema.safeParse({ classId })
+    if (!parsed.success) {
+      return { success: false, message: "Missing class id" }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await deleteTeacherClass(parsed.data.classId)
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/my")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/students")
+      revalidatePath("/teacher/classes/schedule")
+      return { success: true, message: "Class deleted successfully" }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Failed to delete class" }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof PermissionDeniedError) return { success: false, message: e.message }
+    throw e
+  }
+}
--- a/src/modules/classes/actions.ts
+++ b/src/modules/classes/actions.ts
--- a/src/modules/classes/types.ts
+++ b/src/modules/classes/types.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
+/**
+ * 班级模块类型定义。
+ *
+ * 说明（P1-4 审计决策）：
+ * 下列 `ClassHomeworkInsights` / `GradeHomeworkInsights` / `ClassHomeworkAssignmentStats`
+ * / `ScoreStats` / `AssignmentSummary` 等类型虽涉及 homework 概念，但它们是
+ * **classes 模块对 homework 数据的视图**（按班级/年级聚合的作业统计），由
+ * `data-access-stats.ts` 产出并被 classes 组件消费。homework 模块自身的
+ * `types.ts` 定义的是作业实体类型（HomeworkAssignmentStatus 等），不包含这些聚合视图类型。
+ * 因此将这些类型保留在 classes 模块，避免让 homework 模块承担 classes 视角的类型定义职责。
+ */
+
 export type TeacherClass = {
  id: string
  schoolName?: string | null
--- a/src/modules/school/components/academic-year-view.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/school/components/academic-year-view.tsx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { useMemo, useState } from "react"
 import { MoreHorizontal, Pencil, Plus, Trash2 } from "lucide-react"
 import { toast } from "sonner"
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"

 import type { AcademicYearListItem } from "../types"
 import { createAcademicYearAction, deleteAcademicYearAction, updateAcademicYearAction } from "../actions"
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ import { formatDate } from "@/shared/lib/utils"
 const toDateInput = (iso: string) => iso.slice(0, 10)

 export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] }) {
+  const t = useTranslations("school")
  const router = useRouter()
  const [isWorking, setIsWorking] = useState(false)
  const [createOpen, setCreateOpen] = useState(false)
@@ -58,10 +60,10 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
        setCreateOpen(false)
        router.refresh()
      } else {
-        toast.error(res.message || "Failed to create academic year")
+        toast.error(res.message || t("academicYear.delete.title"))
      }
    } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to create academic year")
+      toast.error(t("academicYear.delete.title"))
    } finally {
      setIsWorking(false)
    }
@@ -78,10 +80,10 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
        setEditItem(null)
        router.refresh()
      } else {
-        toast.error(res.message || "Failed to update academic year")
+        toast.error(res.message || t("academicYear.delete.title"))
      }
    } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to update academic year")
+      toast.error(t("academicYear.delete.title"))
    } finally {
      setIsWorking(false)
    }
@@ -97,10 +99,10 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
        setDeleteItem(null)
        router.refresh()
      } else {
-        toast.error(res.message || "Failed to delete academic year")
+        toast.error(res.message || t("academicYear.delete.title"))
      }
    } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to delete academic year")
+      toast.error(t("academicYear.delete.title"))
    } finally {
      setIsWorking(false)
    }
@@ -117,14 +119,14 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
          disabled={isWorking}
        >
          <Plus className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-          New academic year
+          {t("academicYear.new")}
        </Button>
      </div>

      <div className="grid gap-6 lg:grid-cols-3">
        <Card className="lg:col-span-1 shadow-none">
          <CardHeader>
-            <CardTitle className="text-base">Active year</CardTitle>
+            <CardTitle className="text-base">{t("academicYear.active")}</CardTitle>
          </CardHeader>
          <CardContent>
            {activeYear ? (
@@ -133,12 +135,12 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
                <div className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
                  {formatDate(activeYear.startDate)} – {formatDate(activeYear.endDate)}
                </div>
-                <Badge variant="secondary">Active</Badge>
+                <Badge variant="secondary">{t("academicYear.active")}</Badge>
              </div>
            ) : (
              <EmptyState
-                title="No active year"
-                description="Set one academic year as active."
+                title={t("academicYear.empty.title")}
+                description={t("academicYear.empty.description")}
                className="h-auto border-none shadow-none"
              />
            )}
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })

        <Card className="lg:col-span-2 shadow-none">
          <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between space-y-0">
-            <CardTitle className="text-base">All years</CardTitle>
+            <CardTitle className="text-base">{t("academicYear.all")}</CardTitle>
            <Badge variant="secondary" className="tabular-nums">
              {years.length}
            </Badge>
@@ -155,17 +157,17 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
          <CardContent>
            {years.length === 0 ? (
              <EmptyState
-                title="No academic years"
-                description="Create an academic year to define school calendar."
+                title={t("academicYear.empty.title")}
+                description={t("academicYear.empty.description")}
                className="h-auto border-none shadow-none"
              />
            ) : (
              <Table>
                <TableHeader>
                  <TableRow>
-                    <TableHead>Name</TableHead>
-                    <TableHead>Range</TableHead>
-                    <TableHead>Status</TableHead>
+                    <TableHead>{t("academicYear.column.name")}</TableHead>
+                    <TableHead>{t("academicYear.column.startDate")}</TableHead>
+                    <TableHead>{t("academicYear.column.status")}</TableHead>
                    <TableHead className="w-[60px]" />
                  </TableRow>
                </TableHeader>
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
                      <TableCell className="text-muted-foreground">
                        {formatDate(y.startDate)} – {formatDate(y.endDate)}
                      </TableCell>
-                      <TableCell>{y.isActive ? <Badge variant="secondary">Active</Badge> : <Badge variant="outline">Inactive</Badge>}</TableCell>
+                      <TableCell>{y.isActive ? <Badge variant="secondary">{t("academicYear.active")}</Badge> : <Badge variant="outline">-</Badge>}</TableCell>
                      <TableCell className="text-right">
                        <DropdownMenu>
                          <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
                              }}
                            >
                              <Pencil className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-                              Edit
+                              {t("academicYear.actions.edit")}
                            </DropdownMenuItem>
                            <DropdownMenuSeparator />
                            <DropdownMenuItem
@@ -200,7 +202,7 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
                              onClick={() => setDeleteItem(y)}
                            >
                              <Trash2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-                              Delete
+                              {t("academicYear.actions.delete")}
                            </DropdownMenuItem>
                          </DropdownMenuContent>
                        </DropdownMenu>
@@ -217,35 +219,35 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
      <Dialog open={createOpen} onOpenChange={setCreateOpen}>
        <DialogContent>
          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>New academic year</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogTitle>{t("academicYear.form.createTitle")}</DialogTitle>
          </DialogHeader>
          <form action={handleCreate} className="space-y-4">
            <div className="space-y-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="name">Name</Label>
-              <Input id="name" name="name" placeholder="e.g. 2025-2026" autoFocus />
+              <Label htmlFor="name">{t("academicYear.form.name")}</Label>
+              <Input id="name" name="name" placeholder={t("academicYear.form.namePlaceholder")} autoFocus />
            </div>
            <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
              <div className="space-y-2">
-                <Label htmlFor="startDate">Start date</Label>
+                <Label htmlFor="startDate">{t("academicYear.form.startDate")}</Label>
                <Input id="startDate" name="startDate" type="date" />
              </div>
              <div className="space-y-2">
-                <Label htmlFor="endDate">End date</Label>
+                <Label htmlFor="endDate">{t("academicYear.form.endDate")}</Label>
                <Input id="endDate" name="endDate" type="date" />
              </div>
            </div>
            <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
              <Checkbox checked={createActive} onCheckedChange={(v) => setCreateActive(Boolean(v))} />
              <Label className="cursor-pointer" onClick={() => setCreateActive((v) => !v)}>
-                Set as active
+                {t("academicYear.form.isActive")}
              </Label>
            </div>
            <DialogFooter>
              <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => setCreateOpen(false)} disabled={isWorking}>
-                Cancel
+                {t("academicYear.form.cancel")}
              </Button>
              <Button type="submit" disabled={isWorking}>
-                Create
+                {t("academicYear.form.create")}
              </Button>
            </DialogFooter>
          </form>
@@ -257,36 +259,36 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
      }}>
        <DialogContent>
          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>Edit academic year</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogTitle>{t("academicYear.form.editTitle")}</DialogTitle>
          </DialogHeader>
          {editItem ? (
            <form action={handleUpdate} className="space-y-4">
              <div className="space-y-2">
-                <Label htmlFor="edit-name">Name</Label>
+                <Label htmlFor="edit-name">{t("academicYear.form.name")}</Label>
                <Input id="edit-name" name="name" defaultValue={editItem.name} />
              </div>
              <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
                <div className="space-y-2">
-                  <Label htmlFor="edit-startDate">Start date</Label>
+                  <Label htmlFor="edit-startDate">{t("academicYear.form.startDate")}</Label>
                  <Input id="edit-startDate" name="startDate" type="date" defaultValue={toDateInput(editItem.startDate)} />
                </div>
                <div className="space-y-2">
-                  <Label htmlFor="edit-endDate">End date</Label>
+                  <Label htmlFor="edit-endDate">{t("academicYear.form.endDate")}</Label>
                  <Input id="edit-endDate" name="endDate" type="date" defaultValue={toDateInput(editItem.endDate)} />
                </div>
              </div>
              <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                <Checkbox checked={editActive} onCheckedChange={(v) => setEditActive(Boolean(v))} />
                <Label className="cursor-pointer" onClick={() => setEditActive((v) => !v)}>
-                  Set as active
+                  {t("academicYear.form.isActive")}
                </Label>
              </div>
              <DialogFooter>
                <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => setEditItem(null)} disabled={isWorking}>
-                  Cancel
+                  {t("academicYear.form.cancel")}
                </Button>
                <Button type="submit" disabled={isWorking}>
-                  Save
+                  {t("academicYear.form.save")}
                </Button>
              </DialogFooter>
            </form>
@@ -299,13 +301,13 @@ export function AcademicYearClient({ years }: { years: AcademicYearListItem[] })
      }}>
        <AlertDialogContent>
          <AlertDialogHeader>
-            <AlertDialogTitle>Delete academic year</AlertDialogTitle>
-            <AlertDialogDescription>This will permanently delete {deleteItem?.name || "this academic year"}.</AlertDialogDescription>
+            <AlertDialogTitle>{t("academicYear.delete.title")}</AlertDialogTitle>
+            <AlertDialogDescription>{t("academicYear.delete.description", { name: deleteItem?.name || "" })}</AlertDialogDescription>
          </AlertDialogHeader>
          <AlertDialogFooter>
-            <AlertDialogCancel disabled={isWorking}>Cancel</AlertDialogCancel>
+            <AlertDialogCancel disabled={isWorking}>{t("academicYear.delete.cancel")}</AlertDialogCancel>
            <AlertDialogAction onClick={handleDelete} disabled={isWorking}>
-              Delete
+              {t("academicYear.delete.confirm")}
            </AlertDialogAction>
          </AlertDialogFooter>
        </AlertDialogContent>
--- a/src/modules/school/components/departments-view.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/school/components/departments-view.tsx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { useState } from "react"
 import { MoreHorizontal, Pencil, Plus, Trash2 } from "lucide-react"
 import { toast } from "sonner"
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"

 import type { DepartmentListItem } from "../types"
 import { createDepartmentAction, deleteDepartmentAction, updateDepartmentAction } from "../actions"
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ import {
 import { formatDate } from "@/shared/lib/utils"

 export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentListItem[] }) {
+  const t = useTranslations("school")
  const router = useRouter()
  const [isWorking, setIsWorking] = useState(false)
  const [createOpen, setCreateOpen] = useState(false)
@@ -51,10 +53,10 @@ export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentList
        setCreateOpen(false)
        router.refresh()
      } else {
-        toast.error(res.message || "Failed to create department")
+        toast.error(res.message || t("departments.delete.title"))
      }
    } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to create department")
+      toast.error(t("departments.delete.title"))
    } finally {
      setIsWorking(false)
    }
@@ -70,10 +72,10 @@ export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentList
        setEditItem(null)
        router.refresh()
      } else {
-        toast.error(res.message || "Failed to update department")
+        toast.error(res.message || t("departments.delete.title"))
      }
    } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to update department")
+      toast.error(t("departments.delete.title"))
    } finally {
      setIsWorking(false)
    }
@@ -89,10 +91,10 @@ export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentList
        setDeleteItem(null)
        router.refresh()
      } else {
-        toast.error(res.message || "Failed to delete department")
+        toast.error(res.message || t("departments.delete.title"))
      }
    } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to delete department")
+      toast.error(t("departments.delete.title"))
    } finally {
      setIsWorking(false)
    }
@@ -103,13 +105,13 @@ export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentList
      <div className="flex justify-end">
        <Button onClick={() => setCreateOpen(true)} disabled={isWorking}>
          <Plus className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-          New department
+          {t("departments.new")}
        </Button>
      </div>

      <Card className="shadow-none">
        <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between space-y-0">
-          <CardTitle className="text-base">All departments</CardTitle>
+          <CardTitle className="text-base">{t("departments.all")}</CardTitle>
          <Badge variant="secondary" className="tabular-nums">
            {departments.length}
          </Badge>
@@ -117,17 +119,17 @@ export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentList
        <CardContent>
          {departments.length === 0 ? (
            <EmptyState
-              title="No departments"
-              description="Create your first department to get started."
+              title={t("departments.empty.title")}
+              description={t("departments.empty.description")}
              className="h-auto border-none shadow-none"
            />
          ) : (
            <Table>
              <TableHeader>
                <TableRow>
-                  <TableHead>Name</TableHead>
-                  <TableHead>Description</TableHead>
-                  <TableHead>Updated</TableHead>
+                  <TableHead>{t("departments.column.name")}</TableHead>
+                  <TableHead>{t("departments.column.description")}</TableHead>
+                  <TableHead>{t("departments.column.updated")}</TableHead>
                  <TableHead className="w-[60px]" />
                </TableRow>
              </TableHeader>
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentList
                        <DropdownMenuContent align="end">
                          <DropdownMenuItem onClick={() => setEditItem(d)}>
                            <Pencil className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-                            Edit
+                            {t("departments.actions.edit")}
                          </DropdownMenuItem>
                          <DropdownMenuSeparator />
                          <DropdownMenuItem
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentList
                            onClick={() => setDeleteItem(d)}
                          >
                            <Trash2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-                            Delete
+                            {t("departments.actions.delete")}
                          </DropdownMenuItem>
                        </DropdownMenuContent>
                      </DropdownMenu>
@@ -171,23 +173,23 @@ export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentList
      <Dialog open={createOpen} onOpenChange={setCreateOpen}>
        <DialogContent>
          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>New department</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogTitle>{t("departments.form.createTitle")}</DialogTitle>
          </DialogHeader>
          <form action={handleCreate} className="space-y-4">
            <div className="space-y-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="name">Name</Label>
-              <Input id="name" name="name" placeholder="e.g. Mathematics" autoFocus />
+              <Label htmlFor="name">{t("departments.form.name")}</Label>
+              <Input id="name" name="name" placeholder={t("departments.form.namePlaceholder")} autoFocus />
            </div>
            <div className="space-y-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="description">Description</Label>
-              <Textarea id="description" name="description" placeholder="Optional" />
+              <Label htmlFor="description">{t("departments.form.description")}</Label>
+              <Textarea id="description" name="description" placeholder={t("departments.form.descriptionPlaceholder")} />
            </div>
            <DialogFooter>
              <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => setCreateOpen(false)} disabled={isWorking}>
-                Cancel
+                {t("departments.form.cancel")}
              </Button>
              <Button type="submit" disabled={isWorking}>
-                Create
+                {t("departments.form.create")}
              </Button>
            </DialogFooter>
          </form>
@@ -199,24 +201,24 @@ export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentList
      }}>
        <DialogContent>
          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>Edit department</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogTitle>{t("departments.form.editTitle")}</DialogTitle>
          </DialogHeader>
          {editItem ? (
            <form action={handleUpdate} className="space-y-4">
              <div className="space-y-2">
-                <Label htmlFor="edit-name">Name</Label>
+                <Label htmlFor="edit-name">{t("departments.form.name")}</Label>
                <Input id="edit-name" name="name" defaultValue={editItem.name} />
              </div>
              <div className="space-y-2">
-                <Label htmlFor="edit-description">Description</Label>
+                <Label htmlFor="edit-description">{t("departments.form.description")}</Label>
                <Textarea id="edit-description" name="description" defaultValue={editItem.description || ""} />
              </div>
              <DialogFooter>
                <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => setEditItem(null)} disabled={isWorking}>
-                  Cancel
+                  {t("departments.form.cancel")}
                </Button>
                <Button type="submit" disabled={isWorking}>
-                  Save
+                  {t("departments.form.save")}
                </Button>
              </DialogFooter>
            </form>
@@ -229,15 +231,15 @@ export function DepartmentsClient({ departments }: { departments: DepartmentList
      }}>
        <AlertDialogContent>
          <AlertDialogHeader>
-            <AlertDialogTitle>Delete department</AlertDialogTitle>
+            <AlertDialogTitle>{t("departments.delete.title")}</AlertDialogTitle>
            <AlertDialogDescription>
-              This will permanently delete {deleteItem?.name || "this department"}.
+              {t("departments.delete.description", { name: deleteItem?.name || "" })}
            </AlertDialogDescription>
          </AlertDialogHeader>
          <AlertDialogFooter>
-            <AlertDialogCancel disabled={isWorking}>Cancel</AlertDialogCancel>
+            <AlertDialogCancel disabled={isWorking}>{t("departments.delete.cancel")}</AlertDialogCancel>
            <AlertDialogAction onClick={handleDelete} disabled={isWorking}>
-              Delete
+              {t("departments.delete.confirm")}
            </AlertDialogAction>
          </AlertDialogFooter>
        </AlertDialogContent>
--- a/src/modules/school/components/grades-view.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/school/components/grades-view.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 "use client"

-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from "react"
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from "react"
 import { MoreHorizontal, Pencil, Plus, Trash2 } from "lucide-react"
 import { toast } from "sonner"
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation"
 import { parseAsString, useQueryState } from "nuqs"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"

 import type { GradeListItem, SchoolListItem, StaffOption } from "../types"
 import { createGradeAction, deleteGradeAction, updateGradeAction } from "../actions"
@@ -66,43 +67,6 @@ const parseOrder = (raw: string) => {
  return n
 }

-const validateForm = (
-  state: FormState,
-  params: { grades: GradeListItem[]; excludeGradeId?: string }
-): { ok: boolean; errors: FormErrors } => {
-  const errors: FormErrors = {}
-
-  const schoolId = state.schoolId.trim()
-  if (!schoolId) errors.schoolId = "请选择学校"
-
-  const name = normalizeName(state.name)
-  if (!name) errors.name = "请输入年级名称"
-  if (name.length > 100) errors.name = "年级名称最多 100 个字符"
-
-  const order = parseOrder(state.order)
-  if (order === null) errors.order = "Order 必须是非负整数"
-
-  if (schoolId && name) {
-    const dup = params.grades.find((g) => {
-      if (params.excludeGradeId && g.id === params.excludeGradeId) return false
-      return g.school.id === schoolId && normalizeName(g.name).toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase()
-    })
-    if (dup) errors.name = "该学校下已存在同名年级"
-  }
-
-  return { ok: Object.keys(errors).length === 0, errors }
-}
-
-const formatStaffDetail = (u: StaffOption | null) => {
-  if (!u) return <Badge variant="outline">未设置</Badge>
-  return (
-    <div className="min-w-0">
-      <div className="truncate">{u.name}</div>
-      <div className="truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">{u.email}</div>
-    </div>
-  )
-}
-
 export function GradesClient({
  grades,
  schools,
@@ -112,6 +76,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
  schools: SchoolListItem[]
  staff: StaffOption[]
 }) {
+  const t = useTranslations("school")
  const router = useRouter()
  const [isWorking, setIsWorking] = useState(false)
  const [createOpen, setCreateOpen] = useState(false)
@@ -149,6 +114,46 @@ export function GradesClient({
    })
  }, [staff])

+  const validateForm = useCallback(
+    (state: FormState, params: { grades: GradeListItem[]; excludeGradeId?: string }): {
+      ok: boolean
+      errors: FormErrors
+    } => {
+      const errors: FormErrors = {}
+
+      const schoolId = state.schoolId.trim()
+      if (!schoolId) errors.schoolId = t("grades.validation.selectSchool")
+
+      const name = normalizeName(state.name)
+      if (!name) errors.name = t("grades.validation.enterName")
+      if (name.length > 100) errors.name = t("grades.validation.nameTooLong")
+
+      const order = parseOrder(state.order)
+      if (order === null) errors.order = t("grades.validation.orderInvalid")
+
+      if (schoolId && name) {
+        const dup = params.grades.find((g) => {
+          if (params.excludeGradeId && g.id === params.excludeGradeId) return false
+          return g.school.id === schoolId && normalizeName(g.name).toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase()
+        })
+        if (dup) errors.name = t("grades.validation.duplicateName")
+      }
+
+      return { ok: Object.keys(errors).length === 0, errors }
+    },
+    [t]
+  )
+
+  const formatStaffDetail = (u: StaffOption | null) => {
+    if (!u) return <Badge variant="outline">{t("grades.notSet")}</Badge>
+    return (
+      <div className="min-w-0">
+        <div className="truncate">{u.name}</div>
+        <div className="truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">{u.email}</div>
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
  const filteredGrades = useMemo(() => {
    const needle = q.trim().toLowerCase()
    const bySchool = school === "all" ? "" : school
@@ -202,10 +207,13 @@ export function GradesClient({
    setCreateOpen(true)
  }

-  const createValidation = useMemo(() => validateForm(createState, { grades }), [createState, grades])
+  const createValidation = useMemo(
+    () => validateForm(createState, { grades }),
+    [createState, grades, validateForm]
+  )
  const editValidation = useMemo(
    () => validateForm(editState, { grades, excludeGradeId: editItem?.id }),
-    [editItem?.id, editState, grades]
+    [editItem?.id, editState, grades, validateForm]
  )

  const isEditDirty = useMemo(() => {
@@ -236,7 +244,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
  const handleCreate = async () => {
    const validation = validateForm(createState, { grades })
    if (!validation.ok) {
-      toast.error(Object.values(validation.errors)[0] || "请完善表单信息")
+      toast.error(Object.values(validation.errors)[0] || t("grades.validation.fixForm"))
      return
    }

@@ -255,10 +263,10 @@ export function GradesClient({
        setCreateOpen(false)
        router.refresh()
      } else {
-        toast.error(res.message || "Failed to create grade")
+        toast.error(res.message || t("grades.failedCreate"))
      }
    } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to create grade")
+      toast.error(t("grades.failedCreate"))
    } finally {
      setIsWorking(false)
    }
@@ -268,11 +276,11 @@ export function GradesClient({
    if (!editItem) return
    const validation = validateForm(editState, { grades, excludeGradeId: editItem.id })
    if (!validation.ok) {
-      toast.error(Object.values(validation.errors)[0] || "请完善表单信息")
+      toast.error(Object.values(validation.errors)[0] || t("grades.validation.fixForm"))
      return
    }
    if (!isEditDirty) {
-      toast.message("没有可保存的变更")
+      toast.message(t("grades.validation.noChanges"))
      return
    }

@@ -291,10 +299,10 @@ export function GradesClient({
        setEditItem(null)
        router.refresh()
      } else {
-        toast.error(res.message || "Failed to update grade")
+        toast.error(res.message || t("grades.failedUpdate"))
      }
    } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to update grade")
+      toast.error(t("grades.failedUpdate"))
    } finally {
      setIsWorking(false)
    }
@@ -310,10 +318,10 @@ export function GradesClient({
        setDeleteItem(null)
        router.refresh()
      } else {
-        toast.error(res.message || "Failed to delete grade")
+        toast.error(res.message || t("grades.failedDelete"))
      }
    } catch {
-      toast.error("Failed to delete grade")
+      toast.error(t("grades.failedDelete"))
    } finally {
      setIsWorking(false)
    }
@@ -324,15 +332,15 @@ export function GradesClient({
      <div className="flex flex-col gap-3 md:flex-row md:items-center md:justify-between">
        <div className="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-2 md:flex-row md:items-center">
          <div className="flex-1 md:max-w-sm">
-            <Input placeholder="搜索年级/学校/组长..." value={q} onChange={(e) => setQ(e.target.value || null)} />
+            <Input placeholder={t("grades.filters.search")} value={q} onChange={(e) => setQ(e.target.value || null)} />
          </div>

          <Select value={school} onValueChange={(v) => setSchool(v === "all" ? null : v)}>
            <SelectTrigger className="w-full md:w-[220px]">
-              <SelectValue placeholder="学校" />
+              <SelectValue placeholder={t("grades.filters.school")} />
            </SelectTrigger>
            <SelectContent>
-              <SelectItem value="all">全部学校</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="all">{t("grades.filters.allSchools")}</SelectItem>
              {schools.map((s) => (
                <SelectItem key={s.id} value={s.id}>
                  {s.name}
@@ -343,28 +351,28 @@ export function GradesClient({

          <Select value={head} onValueChange={(v) => setHead(v === "all" ? null : v)}>
            <SelectTrigger className="w-full md:w-[220px]">
-              <SelectValue placeholder="负责人" />
+              <SelectValue placeholder={t("grades.filters.head")} />
            </SelectTrigger>
            <SelectContent>
-              <SelectItem value="all">全部</SelectItem>
-              <SelectItem value="missing">两者都未设置</SelectItem>
-              <SelectItem value="missing_grade_head">未设置年级组长</SelectItem>
-              <SelectItem value="missing_teaching_head">未设置教研组长</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="all">{t("grades.filters.allHeads")}</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="missing">{t("grades.filters.missing")}</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="missing_grade_head">{t("grades.filters.missingGradeHead")}</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="missing_teaching_head">{t("grades.filters.missingTeachingHead")}</SelectItem>
            </SelectContent>
          </Select>

          <Select value={sort} onValueChange={(v) => setSort(v === "default" ? null : v)}>
            <SelectTrigger className="w-full md:w-[220px]">
-              <SelectValue placeholder="排序" />
+              <SelectValue placeholder={t("grades.filters.sort")} />
            </SelectTrigger>
            <SelectContent>
-              <SelectItem value="default">默认排序</SelectItem>
-              <SelectItem value="updated_desc">更新时间（新→旧）</SelectItem>
-              <SelectItem value="updated_asc">更新时间（旧→新）</SelectItem>
-              <SelectItem value="name_asc">年级名称（A→Z）</SelectItem>
-              <SelectItem value="name_desc">年级名称（Z→A）</SelectItem>
-              <SelectItem value="order_asc">Order（小→大）</SelectItem>
-              <SelectItem value="order_desc">Order（大→小）</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="default">{t("grades.filters.defaultSort")}</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="updated_desc">{t("grades.filters.updatedDesc")}</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="updated_asc">{t("grades.filters.updatedAsc")}</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="name_asc">{t("grades.filters.nameAsc")}</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="name_desc">{t("grades.filters.nameDesc")}</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="order_asc">{t("grades.filters.orderAsc")}</SelectItem>
+              <SelectItem value="order_desc">{t("grades.filters.orderDesc")}</SelectItem>
            </SelectContent>
          </Select>

@@ -378,20 +386,20 @@ export function GradesClient({
                setSort(null)
              }}
            >
-              重置
+              {t("grades.filters.reset")}
            </Button>
          ) : null}
        </div>

        <Button onClick={openCreate} disabled={isWorking || schools.length === 0}>
          <Plus className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-          新建年级
+          {t("grades.new")}
        </Button>
      </div>

      <Card className="shadow-none">
        <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between space-y-0">
-          <CardTitle className="text-base">年级列表</CardTitle>
+          <CardTitle className="text-base">{t("grades.list.title")}</CardTitle>
          <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
            <Badge variant="secondary" className="tabular-nums">
              {filteredGrades.length}
@@ -404,26 +412,30 @@ export function GradesClient({
        <CardContent>
          {schools.length === 0 ? (
            <EmptyState
-              title="暂无学校"
-              description="请先创建学校，再在学校下创建年级。"
+              title={t("grades.list.noSchools")}
+              description={t("grades.list.noSchoolsDescription")}
              className="h-auto border-none shadow-none"
            />
          ) : filteredGrades.length === 0 ? (
            <EmptyState
-              title={grades.length === 0 ? "暂无年级" : "没有匹配结果"}
-              description={grades.length === 0 ? "创建年级以便管理负责人和班级。" : "尝试修改筛选条件或清空搜索。"}
+              title={grades.length === 0 ? t("grades.list.noGrades") : t("grades.list.noMatch")}
+              description={
+                grades.length === 0
+                  ? t("grades.list.noGradesDescription")
+                  : t("grades.list.noMatchDescription")
+              }
              className="h-auto border-none shadow-none"
            />
          ) : (
            <Table>
              <TableHeader>
                <TableRow>
-                  <TableHead>学校</TableHead>
-                  <TableHead>年级</TableHead>
-                  <TableHead>Order</TableHead>
-                  <TableHead>年级组长</TableHead>
-                  <TableHead>教研组长</TableHead>
-                  <TableHead>更新时间</TableHead>
+                  <TableHead>{t("grades.column.school")}</TableHead>
+                  <TableHead>{t("grades.column.grade")}</TableHead>
+                  <TableHead>{t("grades.column.order")}</TableHead>
+                  <TableHead>{t("grades.column.gradeHead")}</TableHead>
+                  <TableHead>{t("grades.column.teachingHead")}</TableHead>
+                  <TableHead>{t("grades.column.updated")}</TableHead>
                  <TableHead className="w-[60px]" />
                </TableRow>
              </TableHeader>
@@ -449,19 +461,19 @@ export function GradesClient({
                              router.push(`/admin/school/grades/insights?gradeId=${encodeURIComponent(g.id)}`)
                            }
                          >
-                            学情
+                            {t("grades.actions.insights")}
                          </DropdownMenuItem>
                          <DropdownMenuSeparator />
                          <DropdownMenuItem onClick={() => openEdit(g)}>
                            <Pencil className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-                            编辑
+                            {t("grades.actions.edit")}
                          </DropdownMenuItem>
                          <DropdownMenuItem
                            className="text-destructive focus:text-destructive"
                            onClick={() => setDeleteItem(g)}
                          >
                            <Trash2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-                            删除
+                            {t("grades.actions.delete")}
                          </DropdownMenuItem>
                        </DropdownMenuContent>
                      </DropdownMenu>
@@ -477,7 +489,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
      <Dialog open={createOpen} onOpenChange={setCreateOpen}>
        <DialogContent className="sm:max-w-[560px]">
          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>新建年级</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogTitle>{t("grades.form.createTitle")}</DialogTitle>
          </DialogHeader>
          <form
            className="space-y-4"
@@ -487,14 +499,14 @@ export function GradesClient({
            }}
          >
            <div className="grid grid-cols-4 items-center gap-4">
-              <Label className="text-right">School</Label>
+              <Label className="text-right">{t("grades.form.school")}</Label>
              <div className="col-span-3">
                <Select
                  value={createState.schoolId}
                  onValueChange={(v) => setCreateState((p) => ({ ...p, schoolId: v }))}
                >
                  <SelectTrigger>
-                    <SelectValue placeholder="Select a school" />
+                    <SelectValue placeholder={t("grades.form.school")} />
                  </SelectTrigger>
                  <SelectContent>
                    {schools.map((s) => (
@@ -514,14 +526,14 @@ export function GradesClient({

            <div className="grid grid-cols-4 items-center gap-4">
              <Label htmlFor="create-grade-name" className="text-right">
-                Grade
+                {t("grades.form.name")}
              </Label>
              <Input
                id="create-grade-name"
                className="col-span-3"
                value={createState.name}
                onChange={(e) => setCreateState((p) => ({ ...p, name: e.target.value }))}
-                placeholder="e.g. Grade 10"
+                placeholder={t("grades.form.name")}
                autoFocus
              />
              {createValidation.errors.name ? (
@@ -533,7 +545,7 @@ export function GradesClient({

            <div className="grid grid-cols-4 items-center gap-4">
              <Label htmlFor="create-grade-order" className="text-right">
-                Order
+                {t("grades.form.order")}
              </Label>
              <Input
                id="create-grade-order"
@@ -553,7 +565,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
            </div>

            <div className="grid grid-cols-4 items-center gap-4">
-              <Label className="text-right">年级组长</Label>
+              <Label className="text-right">{t("grades.form.gradeHead")}</Label>
              <div className="col-span-3">
                <Select
                  value={createState.gradeHeadId}
@@ -562,7 +574,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
                  }
                >
                  <SelectTrigger>
-                    <SelectValue placeholder="Optional" />
+                    <SelectValue placeholder={t("grades.optional")} />
                  </SelectTrigger>
                  <SelectContent>
                    <SelectItem value={NONE_SELECT_VALUE}>-</SelectItem>
@@ -577,7 +589,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
            </div>

            <div className="grid grid-cols-4 items-center gap-4">
-              <Label className="text-right">教研组长</Label>
+              <Label className="text-right">{t("grades.form.teachingHead")}</Label>
              <div className="col-span-3">
                <Select
                  value={createState.teachingHeadId}
@@ -586,7 +598,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
                  }
                >
                  <SelectTrigger>
-                    <SelectValue placeholder="Optional" />
+                    <SelectValue placeholder={t("grades.optional")} />
                  </SelectTrigger>
                  <SelectContent>
                    <SelectItem value={NONE_SELECT_VALUE}>-</SelectItem>
@@ -602,10 +614,10 @@ export function GradesClient({

            <DialogFooter>
              <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => setCreateOpen(false)} disabled={isWorking}>
-                Cancel
+                {t("grades.form.cancel")}
              </Button>
              <Button type="submit" disabled={isWorking}>
-                创建
+                {t("grades.form.create")}
              </Button>
            </DialogFooter>
          </form>
@@ -620,7 +632,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
      >
        <DialogContent className="sm:max-w-[560px]">
          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>编辑年级</DialogTitle>
+            <DialogTitle>{t("grades.form.editTitle")}</DialogTitle>
          </DialogHeader>
          {editItem ? (
            <form
@@ -631,14 +643,14 @@ export function GradesClient({
              }}
            >
              <div className="grid grid-cols-4 items-center gap-4">
-                <Label className="text-right">School</Label>
+                <Label className="text-right">{t("grades.form.school")}</Label>
                <div className="col-span-3">
                  <Select
                    value={editState.schoolId}
                    onValueChange={(v) => setEditState((p) => ({ ...p, schoolId: v }))}
                  >
                    <SelectTrigger>
-                      <SelectValue placeholder="Select a school" />
+                      <SelectValue placeholder={t("grades.form.school")} />
                    </SelectTrigger>
                    <SelectContent>
                      {schools.map((s) => (
@@ -658,7 +670,7 @@ export function GradesClient({

              <div className="grid grid-cols-4 items-center gap-4">
                <Label htmlFor="edit-grade-name" className="text-right">
-                  Grade
+                  {t("grades.form.name")}
                </Label>
                <Input
                  id="edit-grade-name"
@@ -675,7 +687,7 @@ export function GradesClient({

              <div className="grid grid-cols-4 items-center gap-4">
                <Label htmlFor="edit-grade-order" className="text-right">
-                  Order
+                  {t("grades.form.order")}
                </Label>
                <Input
                  id="edit-grade-order"
@@ -695,7 +707,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
              </div>

              <div className="grid grid-cols-4 items-center gap-4">
-                <Label className="text-right">年级组长</Label>
+                <Label className="text-right">{t("grades.form.gradeHead")}</Label>
                <div className="col-span-3">
                  <Select
                    value={editState.gradeHeadId}
@@ -704,7 +716,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
                    }
                  >
                    <SelectTrigger>
-                      <SelectValue placeholder="Optional" />
+                      <SelectValue placeholder={t("grades.optional")} />
                    </SelectTrigger>
                    <SelectContent>
                      <SelectItem value={NONE_SELECT_VALUE}>-</SelectItem>
@@ -719,7 +731,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
              </div>

              <div className="grid grid-cols-4 items-center gap-4">
-                <Label className="text-right">教研组长</Label>
+                <Label className="text-right">{t("grades.form.teachingHead")}</Label>
                <div className="col-span-3">
                  <Select
                    value={editState.teachingHeadId}
@@ -728,7 +740,7 @@ export function GradesClient({
                    }
                  >
                    <SelectTrigger>
-                      <SelectValue placeholder="Optional" />
+                      <SelectValue placeholder={t("grades.optional")} />
                    </SelectTrigger>
                    <SelectContent>
                      <SelectItem value={NONE_SELECT_VALUE}>-</SelectItem>
@@ -744,10 +756,10 @@ export function GradesClient({

              <DialogFooter>
                <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => setEditItem(null)} disabled={isWorking}>
-                  Cancel
+                  {t("grades.form.cancel")}
                </Button>
                <Button type="submit" disabled={isWorking}>
-                  保存
+                  {t("grades.form.save")}
                </Button>
              </DialogFooter>
            </form>
@@ -763,13 +775,15 @@ export function GradesClient({
      >
        <AlertDialogContent>
          <AlertDialogHeader>
-            <AlertDialogTitle>删除年级</AlertDialogTitle>
-            <AlertDialogDescription>将永久删除 {deleteItem?.name || "该年级"}。</AlertDialogDescription>
+            <AlertDialogTitle>{t("grades.delete.title")}</AlertDialogTitle>
+            <AlertDialogDescription>
+              {t("grades.delete.description", { name: deleteItem?.name || "" })}
+            </AlertDialogDescription>
          </AlertDialogHeader>
          <AlertDialogFooter>
-            <AlertDialogCancel disabled={isWorking}>取消</AlertDialogCancel>
+            <AlertDialogCancel disabled={isWorking}>{t("grades.delete.cancel")}</AlertDialogCancel>
            <AlertDialogAction onClick={handleDelete} disabled={isWorking}>
-              删除
+              {t("grades.delete.confirm")}
            </AlertDialogAction>
          </AlertDialogFooter>
        </AlertDialogContent>
--- a/src/modules/school/components/school-delete-dialog.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/school/components/school-delete-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+"use client"
+
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
+
+import type { SchoolListItem } from "../types"
+import { deleteSchoolAction } from "../actions"
+import {
+  AlertDialog,
+  AlertDialogAction,
+  AlertDialogCancel,
+  AlertDialogContent,
+  AlertDialogDescription,
+  AlertDialogFooter,
+  AlertDialogHeader,
+  AlertDialogTitle,
+} from "@/shared/components/ui/alert-dialog"
+import { useActionMutation } from "@/shared/hooks/use-action-mutation"
+
+type SchoolDeleteDialogProps = {
+  deleteItem: SchoolListItem | null
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  onSuccess: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * 学校删除确认对话框。
+ *
+ * 内部管理 deleteMutation，对话框的 open 状态由 `deleteItem` 是否为空推导。
+ * 成功后调用 `onOpenChange(false)` 关闭对话框并触发 `onSuccess` 通知父组件刷新。
+ */
+export function SchoolDeleteDialog({
+  deleteItem,
+  onOpenChange,
+  onSuccess,
+}: SchoolDeleteDialogProps) {
+  const t = useTranslations("school")
+
+  const deleteMutation = useActionMutation({
+    errorMessage: "Failed to delete school",
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      onOpenChange(false)
+      onSuccess()
+    },
+  })
+
+  const isWorking = deleteMutation.isWorking
+
+  const handleDelete = (): void => {
+    if (!deleteItem) return
+    void deleteMutation.mutate(() => deleteSchoolAction(deleteItem.id))
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <AlertDialog open={Boolean(deleteItem)} onOpenChange={onOpenChange}>
+      <AlertDialogContent>
+        <AlertDialogHeader>
+          <AlertDialogTitle>{t("schools.delete.title")}</AlertDialogTitle>
+          <AlertDialogDescription>
+            {t("schools.delete.description", { name: deleteItem?.name || "" })}
+          </AlertDialogDescription>
+        </AlertDialogHeader>
+        <AlertDialogFooter>
+          <AlertDialogCancel disabled={isWorking}>{t("schools.delete.cancel")}</AlertDialogCancel>
+          <AlertDialogAction onClick={handleDelete} disabled={isWorking}>
+            {t("schools.delete.confirm")}
+          </AlertDialogAction>
+        </AlertDialogFooter>
+      </AlertDialogContent>
+    </AlertDialog>
+  )
+}
--- a/src/modules/school/components/school-error-boundary.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/school/components/school-error-boundary.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+"use client"
+
+import { Component, type ErrorInfo, type JSX, type ReactNode } from "react"
+import { AlertCircle } from "lucide-react"
+import { useRouter } from "next/navigation"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
+
+import { Button } from "@/shared/components/ui/button"
+
+interface SchoolErrorBoundaryProps {
+  children: ReactNode
+  fallback?: ReactNode
+}
+
+interface SchoolErrorBoundaryState {
+  hasError: boolean
+}
+
+function SchoolErrorFallback({ onReset }: { onReset: () => void }): JSX.Element {
+  const t = useTranslations("school")
+  const router = useRouter()
+
+  const handleRetry = (): void => {
+    onReset()
+    router.refresh()
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      role="alert"
+      className="flex min-h-[400px] flex-col items-center justify-center rounded-md border border-dashed p-8 text-center"
+    >
+      <div className="flex h-16 w-16 items-center justify-center rounded-full bg-destructive/10">
+        <AlertCircle className="h-8 w-8 text-destructive" />
+      </div>
+      <h3 className="mt-4 text-lg font-semibold">{t("errors.boundary.title")}</h3>
+      <p className="mb-4 mt-2 max-w-md text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+        {t("errors.boundary.description")}
+      </p>
+      <Button onClick={handleRetry}>{t("errors.boundary.retry")}</Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export class SchoolErrorBoundary extends Component<
+  SchoolErrorBoundaryProps,
+  SchoolErrorBoundaryState
+> {
+  constructor(props: SchoolErrorBoundaryProps) {
+    super(props)
+    this.state = { hasError: false }
+  }
+
+  static getDerivedStateFromError(): SchoolErrorBoundaryState {
+    return { hasError: true }
+  }
+
+  componentDidCatch(error: Error, errorInfo: ErrorInfo): void {
+    console.error("SchoolErrorBoundary caught an error:", error, errorInfo)
+  }
+
+  private handleReset = (): void => {
+    this.setState({ hasError: false })
+  }
+
+  render(): ReactNode {
+    if (this.state.hasError) {
+      return this.props.fallback ?? <SchoolErrorFallback onReset={this.handleReset} />
+    }
+    return this.props.children
+  }
+}
--- a/src/modules/school/components/school-form-dialog.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/school/components/school-form-dialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+"use client"
+
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
+
+import type { SchoolListItem } from "../types"
+import { createSchoolAction, updateSchoolAction } from "../actions"
+import { Button } from "@/shared/components/ui/button"
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogFooter, DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from "@/shared/components/ui/dialog"
+import { Input } from "@/shared/components/ui/input"
+import { Label } from "@/shared/components/ui/label"
+import { useActionMutation } from "@/shared/hooks/use-action-mutation"
+
+type SchoolFormDialogProps = {
+  open: boolean
+  onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void
+  editItem?: SchoolListItem | null
+  onSuccess: () => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * 学校创建/编辑表单对话框。
+ *
+ * 内部管理 createMutation 与 updateMutation，根据 `editItem` 是否存在自动切换模式。
+ * 成功后调用 `onOpenChange(false)` 关闭对话框并触发 `onSuccess` 通知父组件刷新。
+ */
+export function SchoolFormDialog({
+  open,
+  onOpenChange,
+  editItem,
+  onSuccess,
+}: SchoolFormDialogProps) {
+  const t = useTranslations("school")
+  const isEdit = Boolean(editItem)
+
+  const createMutation = useActionMutation({
+    errorMessage: "Failed to create school",
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      onOpenChange(false)
+      onSuccess()
+    },
+  })
+
+  const updateMutation = useActionMutation({
+    errorMessage: "Failed to update school",
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      onOpenChange(false)
+      onSuccess()
+    },
+  })
+
+  const isWorking = createMutation.isWorking || updateMutation.isWorking
+
+  const handleCreate = (formData: FormData): void => {
+    void createMutation.mutate(() => createSchoolAction(undefined, formData))
+  }
+
+  const handleUpdate = (formData: FormData): void => {
+    if (!editItem) return
+    void updateMutation.mutate(() => updateSchoolAction(editItem.id, undefined, formData))
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={onOpenChange}>
+      <DialogContent>
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>
+            {isEdit ? t("schools.form.editTitle") : t("schools.form.createTitle")}
+          </DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+        {isEdit ? (
+          <form action={handleUpdate} className="space-y-4">
+            <div className="space-y-2">
+              <Label htmlFor="edit-name">{t("schools.form.name")}</Label>
+              <Input id="edit-name" name="name" defaultValue={editItem?.name} />
+            </div>
+            <div className="space-y-2">
+              <Label htmlFor="edit-code">{t("schools.form.code")}</Label>
+              <Input id="edit-code" name="code" defaultValue={editItem?.code || ""} />
+            </div>
+            <DialogFooter>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)} disabled={isWorking}>
+                {t("schools.form.cancel")}
+              </Button>
+              <Button type="submit" disabled={isWorking}>
+                {t("schools.form.save")}
+              </Button>
+            </DialogFooter>
+          </form>
+        ) : (
+          <form action={handleCreate} className="space-y-4">
+            <div className="space-y-2">
+              <Label htmlFor="name">{t("schools.form.name")}</Label>
+              <Input id="name" name="name" placeholder={t("schools.form.namePlaceholder")} autoFocus />
+            </div>
+            <div className="space-y-2">
+              <Label htmlFor="code">{t("schools.form.code")}</Label>
+              <Input id="code" name="code" placeholder={t("schools.form.codePlaceholder")} />
+            </div>
+            <DialogFooter>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)} disabled={isWorking}>
+                {t("schools.form.cancel")}
+              </Button>
+              <Button type="submit" disabled={isWorking}>
+                {t("schools.form.create")}
+              </Button>
+            </DialogFooter>
+          </form>
+        )}
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  )
+}
--- a/src/modules/school/components/school-list-toolbar.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/school/components/school-list-toolbar.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+"use client"
+
+import { Plus } from "lucide-react"
+import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"
+
+import { Badge } from "@/shared/components/ui/badge"
+import { Button } from "@/shared/components/ui/button"
+
+type SchoolListToolbarProps = {
+  count: number
+  onCreate: () => void
+  isWorking: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * 学校列表工具栏。
+ *
+ * 展示学校数量 Badge 与「新建学校」按钮，按钮在任意对话框打开期间禁用。
+ */
+export function SchoolListToolbar({
+  count,
+  onCreate,
+  isWorking,
+}: SchoolListToolbarProps) {
+  const t = useTranslations("school")
+
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+        <span className="text-base font-medium">{t("schools.all")}</span>
+        <Badge variant="secondary" className="tabular-nums">
+          {count}
+        </Badge>
+      </div>
+      <Button onClick={onCreate} disabled={isWorking}>
+        <Plus className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
+        {t("schools.new")}
+      </Button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
--- a/src/modules/school/components/school-skeleton.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/school/components/school-skeleton.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import type { JSX } from "react"
+
+import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader } from "@/shared/components/ui/card"
+import { Skeleton } from "@/shared/components/ui/skeleton"
+import { Table, TableBody, TableCell, TableHead, TableHeader, TableRow } from "@/shared/components/ui/table"
+
+interface SchoolListSkeletonProps {
+  rows?: number
+}
+
+export function SchoolListSkeleton({ rows = 5 }: SchoolListSkeletonProps): JSX.Element {
+  return (
+    <Card className="shadow-none">
+      <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between space-y-0">
+        <Skeleton className="h-4 w-24" />
+        <Skeleton className="h-5 w-10 rounded-full" />
+      </CardHeader>
+      <CardContent>
+        <Table>
+          <TableHeader>
+            <TableRow>
+              <TableHead>
+                <Skeleton className="h-4 w-20" />
+              </TableHead>
+              <TableHead>
+                <Skeleton className="h-4 w-16" />
+              </TableHead>
+              <TableHead>
+                <Skeleton className="h-4 w-24" />
+              </TableHead>
+              <TableHead className="w-[60px]" />
+            </TableRow>
+          </TableHeader>
+          <TableBody>
+            {Array.from({ length: rows }).map((_, index) => (
+              <TableRow key={index}>
+                <TableCell>
+                  <Skeleton className="h-4 w-32" />
+                </TableCell>
+                <TableCell>
+                  <Skeleton className="h-4 w-20" />
+                </TableCell>
+                <TableCell>
+                  <Skeleton className="h-4 w-28" />
+                </TableCell>
+                <TableCell />
+              </TableRow>
+            ))}
+          </TableBody>
+        </Table>
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  )
+}
+
+export function SchoolCardSkeleton(): JSX.Element {
+  return (
+    <Card className="shadow-none">
+      <CardHeader>
+        <Skeleton className="h-4 w-32" />
+      </CardHeader>
+      <CardContent className="space-y-3">
+        <Skeleton className="h-4 w-full" />
+        <Skeleton className="h-4 w-3/4" />
+        <Skeleton className="h-4 w-1/2" />
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  )
+}
--- a/src/modules/school/components/schools-view.tsx
+++ b/src/modules/school/components/schools-view.tsx
@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
 "use client"

-import { useState } from "react"
-import { MoreHorizontal, Pencil, Plus, Trash2 } from "lucide-react"
+import { MoreHorizontal, Pencil, Trash2 } from "lucide-react"
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation"
 import { useTranslations } from "next-intl"

 import type { SchoolListItem } from "../types"
-import { createSchoolAction, deleteSchoolAction, updateSchoolAction } from "../actions"
+import { useSchoolData } from "../hooks/use-school-data"
+import { SchoolDeleteDialog } from "./school-delete-dialog"
+import { SchoolFormDialog } from "./school-form-dialog"
+import { SchoolListToolbar } from "./school-list-toolbar"
 import { Button } from "@/shared/components/ui/button"
-import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from "@/shared/components/ui/card"
-import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogFooter, DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from "@/shared/components/ui/dialog"
-import { Input } from "@/shared/components/ui/input"
-import { Label } from "@/shared/components/ui/label"
+import { Card, CardContent } from "@/shared/components/ui/card"
 import { Table, TableBody, TableCell, TableHead, TableHeader, TableRow } from "@/shared/components/ui/table"
 import { EmptyState } from "@/shared/components/ui/empty-state"
-import { Badge } from "@/shared/components/ui/badge"
 import {
  DropdownMenu,
  DropdownMenuContent,
@@ -22,82 +20,47 @@ import {
  DropdownMenuSeparator,
  DropdownMenuTrigger,
 } from "@/shared/components/ui/dropdown-menu"
-import {
-  AlertDialog,
-  AlertDialogAction,
-  AlertDialogCancel,
-  AlertDialogContent,
-  AlertDialogDescription,
-  AlertDialogFooter,
-  AlertDialogHeader,
-  AlertDialogTitle,
-} from "@/shared/components/ui/alert-dialog"
 import { formatDate } from "@/shared/lib/utils"
-import { useActionMutation } from "@/shared/hooks/use-action-mutation"

 export function SchoolsClient({ schools }: { schools: SchoolListItem[] }) {
  const t = useTranslations("school")
  const router = useRouter()
-  const [createOpen, setCreateOpen] = useState(false)
-  const [editItem, setEditItem] = useState<SchoolListItem | null>(null)
-  const [deleteItem, setDeleteItem] = useState<SchoolListItem | null>(null)
+  const {
+    createOpen,
+    editItem,
+    deleteItem,
+    setCreateOpen,
+    setEditItem,
+    setDeleteItem,
+    isWorking,
+  } = useSchoolData()

-  const createMutation = useActionMutation({
-    errorMessage: "Failed to create school",
-    onSuccess: () => {
+  const handleSuccess = (): void => {
+    router.refresh()
+  }
+
+  const handleFormOpenChange = (open: boolean): void => {
+    if (!open) {
      setCreateOpen(false)
-      router.refresh()
-    },
-  })
-
-  const updateMutation = useActionMutation({
-    errorMessage: "Failed to update school",
-    onSuccess: () => {
      setEditItem(null)
-      router.refresh()
-    },
-  })
+    }
+  }

-  const deleteMutation = useActionMutation({
-    errorMessage: "Failed to delete school",
-    onSuccess: () => {
+  const handleDeleteOpenChange = (open: boolean): void => {
+    if (!open) {
      setDeleteItem(null)
-      router.refresh()
-    },
-  })
-
-  const isWorking = createMutation.isWorking || updateMutation.isWorking || deleteMutation.isWorking
-
-  const handleCreate = (formData: FormData) => {
-    void createMutation.mutate(() => createSchoolAction(undefined, formData))
    }
-
-  const handleUpdate = (formData: FormData) => {
-    if (!editItem) return
-    void updateMutation.mutate(() => updateSchoolAction(editItem.id, undefined, formData))
-  }
-
-  const handleDelete = () => {
-    if (!deleteItem) return
-    void deleteMutation.mutate(() => deleteSchoolAction(deleteItem.id))
  }

  return (
    <>
-      <div className="flex justify-end">
-        <Button onClick={() => setCreateOpen(true)} disabled={isWorking}>
-          <Plus className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-          {t("schools.new")}
-        </Button>
-      </div>
+      <SchoolListToolbar
+        count={schools.length}
+        onCreate={() => setCreateOpen(true)}
+        isWorking={isWorking}
+      />

      <Card className="shadow-none">
-        <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between space-y-0">
-          <CardTitle className="text-base">{t("schools.all")}</CardTitle>
-          <Badge variant="secondary" className="tabular-nums">
-            {schools.length}
-          </Badge>
-        </CardHeader>
        <CardContent>
          {schools.length === 0 ? (
            <EmptyState
@@ -152,87 +115,18 @@ export function SchoolsClient({ schools }: { schools: SchoolListItem[] }) {
        </CardContent>
      </Card>

-      <Dialog open={createOpen} onOpenChange={setCreateOpen}>
-        <DialogContent>
-          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>{t("schools.form.createTitle")}</DialogTitle>
-          </DialogHeader>
-          <form action={handleCreate} className="space-y-4">
-            <div className="space-y-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="name">{t("schools.form.name")}</Label>
-              <Input id="name" name="name" placeholder={t("schools.form.namePlaceholder")} autoFocus />
-            </div>
-            <div className="space-y-2">
-              <Label htmlFor="code">{t("schools.form.code")}</Label>
-              <Input id="code" name="code" placeholder={t("schools.form.codePlaceholder")} />
-            </div>
-            <DialogFooter>
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => setCreateOpen(false)} disabled={isWorking}>
-                {t("schools.form.cancel")}
-              </Button>
-              <Button type="submit" disabled={isWorking}>
-                {t("schools.form.create")}
-              </Button>
-            </DialogFooter>
-          </form>
-        </DialogContent>
-      </Dialog>
+      <SchoolFormDialog
+        open={createOpen || Boolean(editItem)}
+        onOpenChange={handleFormOpenChange}
+        editItem={editItem}
+        onSuccess={handleSuccess}
+      />

-      <Dialog
-        open={Boolean(editItem)}
-        onOpenChange={(open) => {
-          if (!open) setEditItem(null)
-        }}
-      >
-        <DialogContent>
-          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>{t("schools.form.editTitle")}</DialogTitle>
-          </DialogHeader>
-          {editItem ? (
-            <form action={handleUpdate} className="space-y-4">
-              <div className="space-y-2">
-                <Label htmlFor="edit-name">{t("schools.form.name")}</Label>
-                <Input id="edit-name" name="name" defaultValue={editItem.name} />
-              </div>
-              <div className="space-y-2">
-                <Label htmlFor="edit-code">{t("schools.form.code")}</Label>
-                <Input id="edit-code" name="code" defaultValue={editItem.code || ""} />
-              </div>
-              <DialogFooter>
-                <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => setEditItem(null)} disabled={isWorking}>
-                  {t("schools.form.cancel")}
-                </Button>
-                <Button type="submit" disabled={isWorking}>
-                  {t("schools.form.save")}
-                </Button>
-              </DialogFooter>
-            </form>
-          ) : null}
-        </DialogContent>
-      </Dialog>
-
-      <AlertDialog
-        open={Boolean(deleteItem)}
-        onOpenChange={(open) => {
-          if (!open) setDeleteItem(null)
-        }}
-      >
-        <AlertDialogContent>
-          <AlertDialogHeader>
-            <AlertDialogTitle>{t("schools.delete.title")}</AlertDialogTitle>
-            <AlertDialogDescription>
-              {t("schools.delete.description", { name: deleteItem?.name || "" })}
-            </AlertDialogDescription>
-          </AlertDialogHeader>
-          <AlertDialogFooter>
-            <AlertDialogCancel disabled={isWorking}>{t("schools.delete.cancel")}</AlertDialogCancel>
-            <AlertDialogAction onClick={handleDelete} disabled={isWorking}>
-              {t("schools.delete.confirm")}
-            </AlertDialogAction>
-          </AlertDialogFooter>
-        </AlertDialogContent>
-      </AlertDialog>
+      <SchoolDeleteDialog
+        deleteItem={deleteItem}
+        onOpenChange={handleDeleteOpenChange}
+        onSuccess={handleSuccess}
+      />
    </>
  )
 }
-
--- a/src/modules/school/data-access.ts
+++ b/src/modules/school/data-access.ts
@@ -205,6 +205,172 @@ export const getGradesForStaff = cache(async (staffId: string): Promise<GradeLis
  }
 })

+/**
+ * 根据用户角色返回可见的学校列表（权限感知）。
+ * - admin: 返回全量学校
+ * - grade_head / teaching_head: 返回其负责年级所在学校
+ * - teacher: 返回其任课班级所在学校
+ * - 其他角色: 返回空数组
+ */
+export const getSchoolsForUser = cache(async (userId: string): Promise<SchoolListItem[]> => {
+  const id = userId.trim()
+  if (!id) return []
+
+  try {
+    const roleRows = await db
+      .select({ name: roles.name })
+      .from(roles)
+      .innerJoin(usersToRoles, eq(usersToRoles.roleId, roles.id))
+      .where(eq(usersToRoles.userId, id))
+
+    const roleNames = new Set(roleRows.map((r) => r.name))
+
+    if (roleNames.has("admin")) {
+      return await getSchools()
+    }
+
+    let schoolIds: string[] = []
+
+    if (roleNames.has("grade_head") || roleNames.has("teaching_head")) {
+      const gradeRows = await db
+        .select({ schoolId: grades.schoolId })
+        .from(grades)
+        .where(or(eq(grades.gradeHeadId, id), eq(grades.teachingHeadId, id)))
+      schoolIds = gradeRows.map((r) => r.schoolId)
+    } else if (roleNames.has("teacher")) {
+      const { getAccessibleClassIdsForTeacher, getGradeIdsByClassIds } = await import("@/modules/classes/data-access")
+      const classIds = await getAccessibleClassIdsForTeacher(id)
+      if (classIds.length === 0) return []
+
+      const gradeIds = await getGradeIdsByClassIds(classIds)
+      if (gradeIds.length === 0) return []
+
+      const gradeRows = await db
+        .select({ schoolId: grades.schoolId })
+        .from(grades)
+        .where(inArray(grades.id, gradeIds))
+      schoolIds = gradeRows.map((r) => r.schoolId)
+    } else {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    const uniqueSchoolIds = Array.from(
+      new Set(schoolIds.filter((v): v is string => typeof v === "string" && v.length > 0))
+    )
+    if (uniqueSchoolIds.length === 0) return []
+
+    const rows = await db
+      .select()
+      .from(schools)
+      .where(inArray(schools.id, uniqueSchoolIds))
+      .orderBy(asc(schools.name))
+
+    return rows.map((r) => ({
+      id: r.id,
+      name: r.name,
+      code: r.code ?? null,
+      createdAt: toIso(r.createdAt),
+      updatedAt: toIso(r.updatedAt),
+    }))
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error("getSchoolsForUser failed:", error)
+    return []
+  }
+})
+
+/**
+ * 根据用户角色返回可见的年级列表（权限感知）。
+ * - admin: 返回全量年级
+ * - grade_head / teaching_head: 返回其负责的年级
+ * - teacher: 返回其任课班级所在年级
+ * - 其他角色: 返回空数组
+ */
+export const getGradesForUser = cache(async (userId: string): Promise<GradeListItem[]> => {
+  const id = userId.trim()
+  if (!id) return []
+
+  try {
+    const roleRows = await db
+      .select({ name: roles.name })
+      .from(roles)
+      .innerJoin(usersToRoles, eq(usersToRoles.roleId, roles.id))
+      .where(eq(usersToRoles.userId, id))
+
+    const roleNames = new Set(roleRows.map((r) => r.name))
+
+    if (roleNames.has("admin")) {
+      return await getGrades()
+    }
+
+    if (roleNames.has("grade_head") || roleNames.has("teaching_head")) {
+      return await getGradesForStaff(id)
+    }
+
+    if (roleNames.has("teacher")) {
+      const { getAccessibleClassIdsForTeacher, getGradeIdsByClassIds } = await import("@/modules/classes/data-access")
+      const classIds = await getAccessibleClassIdsForTeacher(id)
+      if (classIds.length === 0) return []
+
+      const gradeIds = await getGradeIdsByClassIds(classIds)
+      if (gradeIds.length === 0) return []
+
+      const uniqueGradeIds = Array.from(new Set(gradeIds))
+      if (uniqueGradeIds.length === 0) return []
+
+      const rows = await db
+        .select({
+          id: grades.id,
+          name: grades.name,
+          order: grades.order,
+          schoolId: schools.id,
+          schoolName: schools.name,
+          gradeHeadId: grades.gradeHeadId,
+          teachingHeadId: grades.teachingHeadId,
+          createdAt: grades.createdAt,
+          updatedAt: grades.updatedAt,
+        })
+        .from(grades)
+        .innerJoin(schools, eq(schools.id, grades.schoolId))
+        .where(inArray(grades.id, uniqueGradeIds))
+        .orderBy(asc(schools.name), asc(grades.order), asc(grades.name))
+
+      const headIds = Array.from(
+        new Set(
+          rows
+            .flatMap((r) => [r.gradeHeadId, r.teachingHeadId])
+            .filter((v): v is string => typeof v === "string" && v.length > 0)
+        )
+      )
+
+      const heads = headIds.length
+        ? await db
+            .select({ id: users.id, name: users.name, email: users.email })
+            .from(users)
+            .where(inArray(users.id, headIds))
+        : []
+
+      const headById = new Map<string, StaffOption>()
+      for (const u of heads) headById.set(u.id, { id: u.id, name: u.name ?? "Unnamed", email: u.email })
+
+      return rows.map((r) => ({
+        id: r.id,
+        school: { id: r.schoolId, name: r.schoolName },
+        name: r.name,
+        order: Number(r.order ?? 0),
+        gradeHead: r.gradeHeadId ? headById.get(r.gradeHeadId) ?? null : null,
+        teachingHead: r.teachingHeadId ? headById.get(r.teachingHeadId) ?? null : null,
+        createdAt: toIso(r.createdAt),
+        updatedAt: toIso(r.updatedAt),
+      }))
+    }
+
+    return []
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error("getGradesForUser failed:", error)
+    return []
+  }
+})
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Mutations — DB write operations (called only from actions.ts)
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- a/src/modules/school/hooks/use-school-data.ts
+++ b/src/modules/school/hooks/use-school-data.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"use client"
+
+import { useState } from "react"
+
+import type { SchoolListItem } from "../types"
+
+export type UseSchoolDataReturn = {
+  createOpen: boolean
+  editItem: SchoolListItem | null
+  deleteItem: SchoolListItem | null
+  setCreateOpen: (open: boolean) => void
+  setEditItem: (item: SchoolListItem | null) => void
+  setDeleteItem: (item: SchoolListItem | null) => void
+  isWorking: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * 学校管理客户端的数据/状态 Hook。
+ *
+ * 集中管理创建/编辑/删除对话框的开关状态以及当前操作的学校项，
+ * 供 SchoolsClient 组合容器及其子组件共享。
+ *
+ * `isWorking` 表示任意对话框处于打开状态，用于禁用工具栏按钮与行内操作菜单，
+ * 避免并发打开多个对话框；各对话框内部的 mutation loading 由对应组件自行管理。
+ */
+export function useSchoolData(): UseSchoolDataReturn {
+  const [createOpen, setCreateOpen] = useState(false)
+  const [editItem, setEditItem] = useState<SchoolListItem | null>(null)
+  const [deleteItem, setDeleteItem] = useState<SchoolListItem | null>(null)
+
+  const isWorking = createOpen || Boolean(editItem) || Boolean(deleteItem)
+
+  return {
+    createOpen,
+    editItem,
+    deleteItem,
+    setCreateOpen,
+    setEditItem,
+    setDeleteItem,
+    isWorking,
+  }
+}
--- a/src/shared/i18n/messages/en/school.json
+++ b/src/shared/i18n/messages/en/school.json
@@ -78,9 +78,51 @@
    },
    "actions": {
      "edit": "Edit",
-      "delete": "Delete"
+      "delete": "Delete",
+      "insights": "Insights"
    },
-    "notSet": "Not set"
+    "notSet": "Not set",
+    "filters": {
+      "search": "Search grade/school/head...",
+      "school": "School",
+      "allSchools": "All schools",
+      "head": "Head",
+      "allHeads": "All",
+      "missing": "Both missing",
+      "missingGradeHead": "Missing grade head",
+      "missingTeachingHead": "Missing teaching head",
+      "sort": "Sort",
+      "defaultSort": "Default",
+      "updatedDesc": "Updated (new→old)",
+      "updatedAsc": "Updated (old→new)",
+      "nameAsc": "Name (A→Z)",
+      "nameDesc": "Name (Z→A)",
+      "orderAsc": "Order (low→high)",
+      "orderDesc": "Order (high→low)",
+      "reset": "Reset"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "title": "Grade list",
+      "noSchools": "No schools",
+      "noSchoolsDescription": "Please create a school first, then create grades under it.",
+      "noGrades": "No grades",
+      "noGradesDescription": "Create a grade to manage heads and classes.",
+      "noMatch": "No matching results",
+      "noMatchDescription": "Try adjusting filters or clearing the search."
+    },
+    "validation": {
+      "selectSchool": "Please select a school",
+      "enterName": "Please enter a grade name",
+      "nameTooLong": "Grade name must be at most 100 characters",
+      "orderInvalid": "Order must be a non-negative integer",
+      "duplicateName": "A grade with this name already exists in this school",
+      "fixForm": "Please complete the form",
+      "noChanges": "No changes to save"
+    },
+    "optional": "Optional",
+    "failedCreate": "Failed to create grade",
+    "failedUpdate": "Failed to update grade",
+    "failedDelete": "Failed to delete grade"
  },
  "departments": {
    "title": "Department Management",
@@ -159,5 +201,57 @@
      "edit": "Edit",
      "delete": "Delete"
    }
+  },
+  "classManagement": {
+    "title": "Class Management",
+    "description": "Manage classes and assign teachers.",
+    "grade": {
+      "title": "Class Management",
+      "description": "Manage classes for your grades.",
+      "insights": {
+        "title": "Grade Insights",
+        "description": "View grade-level homework statistics for grades you lead.",
+        "filters": "Filters",
+        "grade": "Grade",
+        "apply": "Apply",
+        "selectGrade": "Select a grade",
+        "noGrades": "No grades assigned",
+        "noGradesDescription": "You are not assigned as a grade head or teaching head for any grade.",
+        "selectToView": "Select a grade to view insights",
+        "selectToViewDescription": "Pick a grade to see latest homework and historical score statistics.",
+        "notFound": "Grade not found",
+        "notFoundDescription": "This grade may not exist or has no accessible data.",
+        "noData": "No homework data for this grade",
+        "noDataDescription": "No homework assignments were targeted to students in this grade yet.",
+        "classes": "Classes",
+        "students": "Students",
+        "overallAvg": "Overall Avg",
+        "latestAvg": "Latest Avg",
+        "homeworkTimeline": "Homework timeline",
+        "classRanking": "Class ranking",
+        "assignment": "Assignment",
+        "status": "Status",
+        "created": "Created",
+        "targeted": "Targeted",
+        "submitted": "Submitted",
+        "graded": "Graded",
+        "avg": "Avg",
+        "median": "Median",
+        "class": "Class",
+        "latestAvgCol": "Latest Avg",
+        "prevAvg": "Prev Avg",
+        "delta": "Δ",
+        "overallAvgCol": "Overall Avg",
+        "active": "Active",
+        "inactive": "Inactive"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "errors": {
+    "boundary": {
+      "title": "Loading Failed",
+      "description": "An error occurred while loading data. Please retry.",
+      "retry": "Retry"
+    }
  }
 }
--- a/src/shared/i18n/messages/zh-CN/school.json
+++ b/src/shared/i18n/messages/zh-CN/school.json
@@ -78,9 +78,51 @@
    },
    "actions": {
      "edit": "编辑",
-      "delete": "删除"
+      "delete": "删除",
+      "insights": "学情"
    },
-    "notSet": "未设置"
+    "notSet": "未设置",
+    "filters": {
+      "search": "搜索年级/学校/组长...",
+      "school": "学校",
+      "allSchools": "全部学校",
+      "head": "负责人",
+      "allHeads": "全部",
+      "missing": "两者都未设置",
+      "missingGradeHead": "未设置年级组长",
+      "missingTeachingHead": "未设置教研组长",
+      "sort": "排序",
+      "defaultSort": "默认排序",
+      "updatedDesc": "更新时间（新→旧）",
+      "updatedAsc": "更新时间（旧→新）",
+      "nameAsc": "年级名称（A→Z）",
+      "nameDesc": "年级名称（Z→A）",
+      "orderAsc": "Order（小→大）",
+      "orderDesc": "Order（大→小）",
+      "reset": "重置"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "title": "年级列表",
+      "noSchools": "暂无学校",
+      "noSchoolsDescription": "请先创建学校，再在学校下创建年级。",
+      "noGrades": "暂无年级",
+      "noGradesDescription": "创建年级以便管理负责人和班级。",
+      "noMatch": "没有匹配结果",
+      "noMatchDescription": "尝试修改筛选条件或清空搜索。"
+    },
+    "validation": {
+      "selectSchool": "请选择学校",
+      "enterName": "请输入年级名称",
+      "nameTooLong": "年级名称最多 100 个字符",
+      "orderInvalid": "Order 必须是非负整数",
+      "duplicateName": "该学校下已存在同名年级",
+      "fixForm": "请完善表单信息",
+      "noChanges": "没有可保存的变更"
+    },
+    "optional": "可选",
+    "failedCreate": "创建年级失败",
+    "failedUpdate": "更新年级失败",
+    "failedDelete": "删除年级失败"
  },
  "departments": {
    "title": "部门管理",
@@ -159,5 +201,57 @@
      "edit": "编辑",
      "delete": "删除"
    }
+  },
+  "classManagement": {
+    "title": "班级管理",
+    "description": "管理班级并分配教师。",
+    "grade": {
+      "title": "班级管理",
+      "description": "管理你所在年级的班级。",
+      "insights": {
+        "title": "年级学情",
+        "description": "查看你负责年级的作业整体统计。",
+        "filters": "筛选",
+        "grade": "年级",
+        "apply": "应用",
+        "selectGrade": "选择年级",
+        "noGrades": "暂无负责年级",
+        "noGradesDescription": "你尚未被指派为任何年级的年级主任或教研组长。",
+        "selectToView": "请选择年级查看学情",
+        "selectToViewDescription": "选择一个年级以查看最新作业与历史成绩统计。",
+        "notFound": "年级不存在",
+        "notFoundDescription": "该年级可能不存在或暂无可访问数据。",
+        "noData": "该年级暂无作业数据",
+        "noDataDescription": "该年级学生尚未收到任何作业。",
+        "classes": "班级",
+        "students": "学生",
+        "overallAvg": "整体均分",
+        "latestAvg": "最新均分",
+        "homeworkTimeline": "作业时间线",
+        "classRanking": "班级排名",
+        "assignment": "作业",
+        "status": "状态",
+        "created": "创建时间",
+        "targeted": "目标人数",
+        "submitted": "已提交",
+        "graded": "已批改",
+        "avg": "均分",
+        "median": "中位数",
+        "class": "班级",
+        "latestAvgCol": "最新均分",
+        "prevAvg": "上次均分",
+        "delta": "变化",
+        "overallAvgCol": "整体均分",
+        "active": "活跃",
+        "inactive": "非活跃"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "errors": {
+    "boundary": {
+      "title": "加载失败",
+      "description": "数据加载时发生错误，请重试",
+      "retry": "重试"
+    }
  }
 }